Friday, 12 August 2011 00:21

Sulphur Compounds, Organic: Health Hazards

Chemical Name

CAS-Number

ICSC Short-Term Exposure

ICSC Long-Term Exposure

ICSC Routes of Exposure and Symptoms

US NIOSH Target Organs & Routes of Entry

US NIOSH Symptoms

n-BUTYLMERCAPTAN      109-79-5

eyes; skin; resp tract; CNS; thyroid

Inhalation: weakness, confusion, cough, dizziness, headache, nausea, vomiting, shortness of breath

Skin: redness, pain

Eyes: redness, pain

Ingestion: see inhalation

Resp sys; CNS; liver; kidneys; eyes; skin Inh; ing; con

Irrit eyes, skin; musc weak, mal, sweat, nau, vomit, head, conf; in animals: narco, inco, weak; cyan, pulm irrit; liver, kidney damage

tert-BUTYLMERCAPTAN   75-66-1

eyes; skin; resp tract; CNS

skin

Inhalation: cough, dizziness, headache, nausea, vomiting

Skin: redness

Eyes: redness

CYCLOHEXYLMERCAPTAN     1569-69-3

eyes; skin; resp tract; CNS

skin

Inhalation: cough, dizziness, headache, nausea, unconsciousness, vomiting, weakness

Skin: redness

Eyes: redness

Eyes; skin; resp sys; CNS Inh; abs; ing; con

Irrit eyes, skin, resp sys; head, dizz, weak, nau, vomit, convuls; cough, wheez, laryngitis, dysp

DECYLMERCAPTAN        143-10-2

eyes; skin; resp tract; CNS

skin

Inhalation: confusion, dizziness, headache, nausea, unconsciousness, weakness

Skin: redness

Eyes: redness

Eyes; skin; resp sys Inh; abs; ing; con

Irrit eyes, skin, resp sys; conf, dizz, head, drow, nau, vomit, weak, convuls

DODECYLMERCAPTAN    112-55-0

eyes; skin; resp tract; CNS

skin

Inhalation: confusion, cough, dizziness, headache, nausea, shortness of breath, sore throat, unconsciousness, weakness

Skin: redness

Eyes: redness, pain

Ingestion: abdominal pain, dullness, headache, nausea, unconsciousness

Eyes; skin; resp sys; CNS; blood; Inh; con

Irrit eyes, skin, resp sys; cough; dysp, weak, conf, cyan; abdom pain, nau; skin sens

ETHYLMERCAPTAN         75-08-1

Inhalation: drowsiness, nausea, unconsciousness, weakness, tremors

Skin: redness

Eyes: redness, pain

Resp sys; liver; kidneys; eyes; blood Inh; con

Irrit muc memb; head, nau; in animals: inco, weak; liver, kidney damage; cyan; narco

HEXANETHIOL   2917-26-2

eyes; skin; resp tract; CNS

skin

Inhalation: dizziness, headache, nausea, sore throat, unconsciousness, weakness

Skin: redness

Eyes: redness

Eyes; skin; resp sys; CNS; blood Inh; abs; ing; con

Irrit eys, skin, resp sys; head, dizz, weak, cyan, nau, convuls

METHYLMERCAPTAN      74-93-1

eyes; skin; resp tract; lungs; CNS; blood; skin

Inhalation: cough, irritant, headache, nausea, shortness of breath, sore throat, unconsciousness

Skin: redness, irritant, pain, on contact with liquid: frostbite

Eyes: redness, irritant, pain

Resp sys; CNS; eyes; skin; blood Inh; con (liq)

Irrit eyes, skin, resp sys; narco; cyan; convuls; liq: frostbite

1-OCTADECANETHIOL     2885-00-9

Eyes; skin; resp sys; CNS; bloodInh; abs; ing; con

Irrit eyes, skin, resp sys; head; dizz; weak; cyan; nau; convuls

1-OCTANETHIOL 111-88-6

Eyes; skin; resp sys; blood; CNSInh; ing; con

Irrit eyes, skin, nose, throat; weak; cyan; incr respiration; nau; drow; head; vomit

PERCHLOROMETHYLMER­CAPTAN            594-42-3

eyes; skin; resp tract; lungs

skin; lungs

Eyes; resp sys; liver; kidneys; skin Inh; abs; ing; con

Irrit eyes, skin, nose, throat; lac; cough, dysp, deep breath pain, coarse rales; vomit; pallor, tacar; acidosis; anuria; liver, kidney damage

PHENYLMERCAPTAN      108-98-5

eyes; skin; resp tract; CNS

skin

Inhalation: cough, headache, laboured breathing

Skin: redness, pain

Eyes: redness, pain

Ingestion: nausea, sore throat

Eyes; skin; resp sys; CNS; kidneys; liver; spleen Inh; abs; ing; con

Irrit eyes, skin, resp sys; derm; cyan; cough, wheez, dysp, pulm edema, pneuitis; head, dizz, CNS depres; nau, vomit; kidney, liver, spleen damage

PROPANETHIOL 107-03-9

Eyes; skin; resp sys; CNS; blood; liver; kidneysInh; ing; con

Irrit eyes, skin, nose, throat, resp sys; head, nau, dizz, cyan; in animals: liver, kidney damage

SODIUM DODECYLBENZENESULFONATE     25155-30-0

eyes; skin; resp tract

skin

Inhalation: cough, laboured breathing

Skin: redness

Eyes: redness, pain

Ingestion: diarrhoea, vomiting

THIOACETAMIDE            62-55-5

eyes; skin; resp tract

Inhalation: cough, laboured breathing, sore throat

Skin: redness

Eyes: redness, pain, blurred vision

Ingestion: burning sensation, sore throat

THIOACETIC ACID          507-09-5

eyes; skin; resp tract; lungs

kidneys

Inhalation: cough, laboured breathing, nausea, sore throat, symptoms may be delayed

Skin: burning sensation, pain

Eyes: redness, pain, severe deep burns

Ingestion: abdominal cramps, burning sensation

 

Back

Published in 104. Guide to Chemicals
Read more...
Friday, 12 August 2011 00:19

Sulphur Compounds, Organic: Chemical Identification

Chemical Formula

Chemical

Synonyms
UN Code

CAS-Number

86884

ANTU

a-Naphthyl thiourea;
1-Naphthalenylthiourea;
1-Naphthyl thiourea;
N-(1-Naphthyl)-2-thiourea;
1-(1-Naphthyl)-2-thiourea
UN1651

86-88-4

98099

BENZENESULPHONYL CHLORIDE

Benzenesulphonic chloride
UN2225

98-09-9

531862

BENZIDINE SULPHATE

(1,1'-Biphenyl)-4,4'-diamine, sulphate (1:1)

531-86-2

109795

n-BUTYLMERCAPTAN

n-Butanethiol;
Butylmercaptan
UN2347

109-79-5

75661

tert-BUTYLMERCAPTAN

tert-Butanethiol;
2-Methyl-2-propanethiol

75-66-1

463581

CARBONYL SULPHIDE

463-58-1

1569693

CYCLOHEXYL-1-MERCAPTAN

Cyclohexanethiol
UN3054

1569-69-3

143102

DECYLMERCAPTAN

1-Decanethiol;
n-Decylmercaptan;
1-Mercaptodecane

143-10-2

64675

DIETHYLSULPHATE

Diethyl sulphate;
DS;
Ethyl sulphate;
Sulfuric acid, diethyl ester
UN1594

64-67-5

77781

DIMETHYLSULPHATE

Dimethyl monosulphate
UN1595

77-78-1

112550

DODECYLMERCAPTAN

1-Dodecanethiol;
1-Dodecylmercaptan;
Laurylmercaptan;
Pennfloat M;
Pennfloat S

112-55-0

75081

ETHYLMERCAPTAN

Ethanethiol;
Ethyl sulfhydrate;
Ethyl thioalcohol;
Thioethanol;
Thioethyl alcohol
UN2363

75-08-1

1639094

n-HEPTYLMERCAPTAN

1-Heptanethiol

1639-09-4

2917262

HEXANETHIOL

Cetylmercaptan;
Hexadecanethiol-1;
n-Hexadecanethiol;
Hexadecylmercaptan

2917-26-2

111319

n-HEXYLMERCAPTAN

1-Hexanethiol

111-31-9

151213

LAURYL SODIUM SULPHATE

Monododecyl sodium sulphate;
Sodium dodecyl sulphate;
Sodium n-dodecyl sulphate;
Sodium dodecyl sulphate;
Sodium monolauryl sulphate

151-21-3

60242

2-MERCAPTOETHANOL

1-Ethanol-2-thiol;
Ethylene glycol, monothio-;
2-hydroxy-1-ethanethiol;
2-Hydroxyethylmercaptan;
Mercaptoethanol;
Monothioethyleneglycol;
2-Thioethanol;
Thioglycol;
Thiomonoglycol
UN2966

60-24-2

59518

D,L-METHIONINE

Acimetion;
Banthionine;
Cynaron;
Dyprin;
Lobamine;
Meonine;
Methionine;
Metione;
Mertionin;
Neston

59-51-8

74931

METHYLMERCAPTAN

Methylmercaptan;
Methanethiol;
Thiomethanol
UN1064

74-93-1

67685

METHYL-SULFOXIDE

Dimethyl sulfoxide;
Dimethyl sulphoxide;
Dimexide;
Methane, sulfinylbis-;
Methylsulfinylmethane

67-68-5

75183

METHYL-SULPHIDE

Dimethyl sulphide;
Dimethyl sulphide;
Methyl sulphide;
Methylthiomethane;
2-Thiapropane;
2-Thiopropane
UN1164

75-18-3

2885009

1-OCTADECANEDIOL

1-Mercaptooctadene;
Octadecylmercaptan;
Stearylmercaptan

2885-00-9

111886

1-OCTANETHIOL

1-Mercaptooctane;
n-Octylmercaptan;
Octylthiol;
1-Octylthiol

111-88-6

110667

1-PENTANETHIOL

Amyl hydrosulphide;
Amylmercaptan;
n-Amylmercaptan;
Amyl sulfhydrate;
Amyl thioalcohol;
Pentylmercaptan

110-66-7

594423

PERCHLOROMETHYLMERCAPTAN

PCM;
Trichloromethane sulfenyl chloride;
Trichloromethanesulphenyl chloride;
Trichloromethylsulfenyl chloride;
Trichloromethylsulphenyl chloride
UN1670

594-42-3

108985

PHENYLMERCAPTAN

Benzenethiol;
Thiophenol
UN2337

108-98-5

107039

PROPANETHIOL

107-03-9

25155300

SODIUM DODECYLBENZENESULFONATE

25155-30-0

540727

SODIUM ISOTHIOCYANATE

Sodium rhodanate;
Sodium rhodanide;
Sodium sulfocyanate;
Sodium sulfocyanide;
Sodium thiocyanate;
Sodium thiocyanide;
Thiocyanate sodium

540-72-7

62555

THIOACETAMIDE

Acetothioamide;
Ethanethioamide;
Thioacetimidic acid

62-55-5

507095

THIOACETIC ACID

Acetylmercaptan;
Ethanethioic acid;
Ethanethiolic acid;
Methanecarbothiolic acid;
Thiacetic acid;
Thiolacetic acid;
Thionoacetic acid
UN2436

507-09-5

68111

THIOGLYCOLIC ACID

Glycolic acid, 2-thio-;
Mercaptoacetate;
Mercaptoacetic acid;
2-Mercaptoacetic acid;
2-Thioglycolic acid;
Thiovanic acid
UN1940

68-11-1

111488

2,2'-THIODIETHANOL

Bis(b-hydroxyethyl)sulfide;
Bis(2-hydroxyethyl)sulfide;
Bis(b-hydroxyethyl sulfide;
Sulfide, bis(2-hydroxyethyl);
Thiodiethylene glycol;
Thiodiglycol;
b-thiodiglycol

111-48-8

62566

THIOUREA

Isothiourea;
Pseudothiourea;
Thiocarbamide;
Thiocarbonic acid diamide;
Beta-thiopseudourea;
2-thiopseudourea;
2-Thiourea;
THU

62-56-6

137268

THIRAM

Bis((dimethylamino)carbonothioyl) disulphide;
Tetramethyldiurane sulphite;
Tetramethylenethiuram disulphide;
Tetramethylthioperoxydicarbonic diamide;
Tetramethylthiuram;
Tetramethylthiuram bisulphide;
Tetramethylthiuram disulphide

137-26-8

 

Back

Published in 104. Guide to Chemicals
Read more...
Friday, 12 August 2011 00:10

Sulphur Compounds, Inorganic: Physical & Chemical Properties

Chemical Name

CAS-Number

Colour/Form

Boiling Point (°C)

Melting Point (°C)

Molecular Weight

Solubility in Water

Relative Density (water=1)

Relative Vapour Density (air=1)

Vapour Pressure/ (Kpa)

Inflam.
Limits

Flash Point (°C)

Auto Ignition Point (°C)

AMMONIUM PERSULPHATE
7727-54-0

white crystals

120 decomp

228.19

v sol

1.98

AMMONIUM SULPHAMATE
7773-06-0

crystals (large plates); colourless, white crystalline substance; brownish-gray; bright yellow-orange crystalline solid

131

114.13

@ 10 °C; 2.16 kg/ kg

>1 (solid)

AMMONIUM SULPHATE
7783-20-2

colourless rhombic crystals; orthorhombic crystals or white granules; brownish gray to white crystals according to degree of purity

132.14

sol

@ 50 °C

AMMONIUM SULPHIDE
12124-99-1

yellow crystals

decomp

68.14

v sol

CALCIUM SULPHATE
7778-18-9

natural anhydrite crystals are colourless, rhombic or monoclinic; natural anhydrite crystals are orthorhombic, colour varies (white with blue, gray or reddish tinge, or brick red); insol anhydrite has same crystal structure as mineral anhydrite

1193

1450

136.14

sl sol

2.960

CALCIUM SULPHIDE
1344-81-6

deep orange malodorous liquid

@ 15.6 °C

CARBON DISULPHIDE
75-15-0

mobil liquid; clear, colourless or faintly yellow liquid

46.5

-111.5

76.14

0.2 g/100 ml

1.2632

2.67

@ 25 °C

1.3 ll
50 ul

-30 cc

90

CARBONYL SULPHIDE
463-58-1

colourless gas

-30

-138

60.08

1220 mg/l at 25 °C

@ 17 °C/4 °C

2.1

9412 mm Hg at 25 °C

12% ll
29% ul

HYDROGEN SULPHIDE
7783-06-4

colourless gas

-60.33

-85.49

34.08

1 g /242 ml

@ 0 °C;1.19 (gas)

1.189

@ -60.4 °C

4.3 ll
45 ul

260

POTASSIUM PERSULPHATE
7727-21-1

colourless, triclinic crystal; white crystal

270.3

@ 0 °C; 5.2 g/100 cc

2.47

POTASSIUM PYROSULPHITE
16731-55-8

white crystals or crystalline powder; colourless, monoclinic plates

190 decomp

222.32

v sol

2.34

POTASSIUM SULPHIDE
1312-73-8

white cubic crystals or fused plates; red or yellow-red crystalline mass or fused solid

912

110.26

v sol

@ 14 °C

SODIUM BISULPHITE
7631-90-5

white crystal or crystalline powder; granular powder; white, monoclinic

104.07

3.5 parts in cold, 2 parts in boiling

1.48

SODIUM HYDROSULPHITE
7775-14-6

white or grayish-white crystalline powder

176.10

SODIUM METABISULPHITE
7681-57-4

white crystals or white to yellowish crystalline powder

150 decomp

190.13

@ 100 °C

1.4

SODIUM SULPHATE
7757-82-6

white powder or orthorhombic bipyramidal crystals; monoclinic crystals from 160-185 °C

888

142.06

sol in about 3.6 parts

2.671

SODIUM SULPHIDE
1313-82-2

clear crystals; yellow or brick-red lumps or flakes; cubic crystals or granules; amorphous, yellow-pink or white crystals

1180

78.05

18.6 g/100 g

@ 14 °C/4 °C

SODIUM SULPHITE
7757-83-7

small crystals or powder; white powder or hexagonal prism

128.06

sol in 3.2 parts

@ 15.4 °C

SODIUM THIOSULPHATE
7772-98-7

powder; colourless monoclinic crystals

158.13

50 g/100 ml

1.667

SULPHUR BROMIDE
13172-31-1

yellow liquid

54

- 40

223.93

decomposes

2.63

SULPHUR DIOXIDE
7446-09-5

colourless liquid or gas

-10

-72.7

64.07

@ 25 °C

2.927 g/l (gas); 1.434 (liquid)

2.2

330

SULPHUR TETRAFLUORIDE
7783-60-0

gas

- 40

- 124

108.05

decomposes

SULPHUR TRIOXIDE
7446-11-9

alpha-form, asbestos-like needles; beta-form, asbestos-like neeedles; gamma-form, ice-like mass or liquid

80.07

sol in 100 parts

@ 25 °C

SULPHUR
7704-34-9

orthorhombic, cycloocta or alpha-sulphur, amber coloured crystals; monoclinic, cycloocta or beta-sulphur, light-yellow, opaque, brittle, needle-like crystals; sublimed & washed sulphur are in form of fine, yellow crystalline powder

444.6

112-120

32.06

insol

2.1

@ 32 ºC

@ 30.4 °C

35 mg/l ll
1400 ul

207

232

SULPHURYL CHLORIDE
7791-25-5

colourless, mobile liquid

69.3

-54.1

134.98

1.6674

4.7

@17.8 °C

THIONYL CHLORIDE
7719-09-7

colourless to pale yellow or reddish liquid; colourless to pale yellow, fuming, refractive liquid

76

-104.5

118.98

1.638

4.1

@ 26 °C

 

Back

Published in 104. Guide to Chemicals
Read more...
Friday, 12 August 2011 00:09

Sulphur Compounds, Inorganic: Physical & Chemical Hazards

Chemical Name
CAS-Number

Physical

Chemical

UN Class or Division /  Subsidiary Risks

AMMONIUM PERSULPHATE
7727-54-0

5.1

AMMONIUM SULPHATE
7783-20-2

8

CARBON DISULPHIDE
75-15-0

The vapour is heavier than air and may travel along the ground; distant ignition possible • As a result of flow, agitation, etc, electrostatic charges can be generated

May explosively decompose on shock, friction, or concussion • May explode on heating • The substance may spontaneously ignite on contact with air and on contact with hot surfaces producing toxic fumes of sulphur dioxide • Reacts violently with oxidants causing fire and explosion hazard • Attacks some forms of plastic, rubber and coating

3/ 6.1

CARBONYL SULPHIDE
463-58-1

2.3/2.1

HYDROGEN SULPHIDE
7783-06-4

2.3/ 2.1

POTASSIUM PERSULPHATE
7727-21-1

5.1

POTASSIUM SULPHIDE
1312-73-8

Dust explosion possible if in powder or granular form, mixed with air

Heating may cause violent combustion or explosion • May explosively decompose on shock, friction, or concussion • The substance may spontaneously ignite on contact with air forming hydrogen sulphide • The solution in water is a strong base, it reacts violently with acid and is corrosive forming sulphur dioxide

4.2

SODIUM HYDROSULPHITE
7775-14-6

4.2

SODIUM PERSULPHATE
7775-27-1

5.1

SODIUM SULPHIDE
1313-82-2

4.2

SULPHUR DIOXIDE
7446-09-5

2.3/ 8

SULPHUR TETRAFLUORIDE
7783-60-0

2.3/ 8

SULPHUR TRIOXIDE
7446-11-9

8

SULPHUR
7704-34-9

Dust explosion possible if in powder or granular form, mixed with air • If dry, it can be charged electrostatically by swirling, pneumatic transport, pouring, etc.

On combustion, forms sulphur oxides including sulphur dioxide • Reacts violently with strong oxidants causing fire and explosion hazard

4.1

SULPHURYL CHLORIDE
7791-25-5

8

THIONYL CHLORIDE
7719-09-7

8

For UN Class: 1.5 = very insensitive substances which have a mass explosion hazard; 2.1 = flammable gas; 2.3 = toxic gas; 3 = flammable liquid; 4.1 = flammable solid; 4.2 = substance liable to spontaneous combustion; 4.3 = substance which in contact with water emits flammable gases; 5.1 = oxidizing substance; 6.1 = toxic; 7 = radioactive; 8 = corrosive substance

 

Back

Published in 104. Guide to Chemicals
Read more...
Friday, 12 August 2011 00:07

Sulphur Compounds, Inorganic: Health Hazards

Chemical Name    

CAS-Number

ICSC Short-Term Exposure

ICSC Long-Term Exposure

ICSC Routes of Exposure and Symptoms

US NIOSH Target Organs & Routes of Entry

US NIOSH Symptoms

AMMONIUM SULPHAMATE     7773-06-0

Resp sys; eyes Inh; con

Irrit eyes, nose, throat; cough, dysp

CARBON DISULPHIDE     75-15-0

eyes; skin; resp tract; lungs; CNS

Inhalation: confusion, dizziness, drowsiness, headache, nausea, shortness of breath, vomiting, weakness, irritability, hallucination

Skin: may be absorbed, dry skin, redness

Eyes: redness, pain

CNS; PNS; CVS; eyes; kidneys; liver; skin; repro sys Inh; abs; ing; con

Dizz, head, poor sleep, ftg, ner, anor, low-wtg; psychosis; polyneur; Parkinson-like syndrome; ocular changes; coronary heart disease; gastritis; kidney, liver inj; eye, skin burns; derm; repro effects

HYDROGEN SULPHIDE     7783-06-4

Resp sys; eyes; CNS Inh; con

Irrit eyes, resp sys; apnea, coma, convuls; conj, eye pain, lac, photo, corn vesic; dizz, head, ftg, irrity, insom; GI dist

POTASSIUM SULPHIDE     1312-73-8

eyes; skin; resp tract; lungs

Inhalation: cough, dizziness, drowsiness, headache, nausea, shortness of breath, sore throat, weakness, symptoms may have delayed effects

Skin: redness, skin burns, pain

Eyes: redness, pain, severe deep burns

SULPHUR DIOXIDE     7446-09-5

eyes; resp tract; lungs; skin

lungs

Inhalation: irritation of respiratory tract, cough, choking, sneezing

Skin: on contact with liquid: frostbite

Eyes: irritation burns

Resp sys; skin; eyes Inh; con

Irrit eyes, nose, throat; rhin; choking, cough; reflex bronchoconstriction; liq: frostbite

SULPHUR          7704-34-9

eyes; skin; resp tract; lungs

skin; resp tract

Ingestion: Inhalation: burning sensation, cough, sore throat

Skin: redness

Eyes: redness, pain, blurred visionburning sensation, diarrhoea

 

Back

Published in 104. Guide to Chemicals
Read more...
Friday, 12 August 2011 00:05

Sulphur Compounds, Inorganic: Chemical Identification

Chemical Formula

Chemical

Synonyms
UN Code

CAS-Number

7727540

AMMONIUM PERSULPHATE

Ammonium peroxydisulphate;
Diammonium peroxydisulphate;
Diammonium peroxydisulphate;
Peroxydisulphuric acid, diammonium salt
UN1444

7727-54-0

7773060

AMMONIUM SULPHAMATE

Amcide;
Ammonium amidosulfonate;
Ammonium amidosulphate;
Ammonium sulphamate;
Sulphamate;
Sulphamate dammonium

7773-06-0

7783202

AMMONIUM SULPHATE

Actamaster;
Ammonium sulphate;
Diammonium sulphate;
Dolamin;
Mascagnite;
Sulphuric acid, diammonium salt

7783-20-2

12124991

AMMONIUM SULPHIDE

Ammonium bisulphide;
Ammonium hydrogen sulphide;
Ammonium hydrosulphide;
Ammonium mercaptan;
Ammonium sulfhydrate;
Monoammonium sulphide;
True ammonium sulphide

12124-99-1

7778189

CALCIUM SULPHATE

Crysalba;
Drierite;
Gibs;
Sulphuric acid, calcium salt (1:1);
Thiolite

7778-18-9

1344816

CALCIUM SULPHIDE

Calcium polysulphide;
Lime-sulphur;
Lime sulphur;
Neviken;
Orthorix;
Sulka

1344-81-6

75150

CARBON DISULPHIDE

Carbon bisulphide;
Carbon sulphide;
Dithiocarbonic anhydride;
Sulphocarbonic anhydride
UN1131

75-15-0

463581

CARBONYL SULPHIDE

463-58-1

7783064

HYDROGEN SULPHIDE

Hydrogen sulphuric acid;
Sulphureted hydrogen;
Sulphur hydride
UN1053

7783-06-4

7727211

POTASSIUM PERSULPHATE

Anthion;
Dipotassium persulphate;
Peroxydisulphuric acid, dipotassium salt ;
Potassium peroxydisulphate
UN1492

7727-21-1

16731558

POTASSIUM PYROSULPHIDE

Dipotassium disulphide;
Disulphurous acid, dipotassium salt;
Potassium disulphide;
Pyrosulphurous acid, dipotassium salt

16731-55-8

1312738

POTASSIUM SULPHIDE

Potassium monosulphide
UN1382
UN1847

1312-73-8

7631905

SODIUM BISULPHITE

Hydrogen sulphide sodium;
Monosodium sulphide;
Sodium hydrogen sulphide;
Sodium sulphide;
Sodium sulhydrate;
Sulphurous acid, monosodium salt

7631-90-5

7775146

SODIUM HYDROSULPHITE

Dithionous acid, disodium salt ;
D-ox;
Hydrolin;
K-brite;
Reductone;
Sodium dithionite;
Sodium dithionite;
Sodium sulfoxylate
UN1384

7775-14-6

7681574

SODIUM METABISULFITE

Disodium disulphide;
Disodium metabisulphide;
Disodium pyrosulphide;
Disulphurous acid, disodium salt;
Pyrosulphurous acid, disodium salt;
Sodium disulphide;
Sodium metabisulphide;
Sodium metabisulphite;
Sodium pyrosulphide

7681-57-4

7775271

SODIUM PERSULPHATE

Sodium peroxydisulphate;
Peroxydisulphuric acid, disodium salt
UN1505

7775-27-1

7757826

SODIUM SULPHATE

Disodium sulphate;
Salt cake;
Sodium sulphate anhydrous;
Sodium sulphate;
Sulphuric acid, disodium salt;
Thenardite;
Trona

7757-82-6

1313822

SODIUM SULPHIDE

Sodium monosulphide;
Sodium sulphide, sodium sulphide
UN1385

1313-82-2

7757837

SODIUM SULPHITE

Anhydrous sodium sulphide;
Disodium sulphide;
Sodium sulphide anhydrous;
Sulphurous acid, disodium salt

7757-83-7

7772987

SODIUM THIOSULFATE

Ametox;
Antichlor;
Chlorine control;
Disodium thiosulphate;
Hypo;
Sodium hyposulphide;
Sodium oxide sulphide;
Sodium thiosulphate;
Sodium thiosulphate anhydrous;
Sodium thiosulphate;
Sodothiol;
Sulfothiorine;
Thiosulphuric acid, disodium salt

7772-98-7

7704349

SULPHUR

Flour sulphur;
Flowers of sulphur;
Ground vocle sulphur;
Hexasul;
Kocide;
Tesuloid;
Thiolux;
Thiovit
UN2448
UN1350

7704-34-9

7446095

SULPHUR DIOXIDE

Sulphur dioxide, sulphurous acid anhydride;
Sulphurous anhydride;
Sulphurous oxide;
Sulphur oxide;
Sulphur superoxide
UN1079

7446-09-5

7783600

SULPHUR TETRAFLUORIDE

Tetrafluorosulphurane
UN2418

7783-60-0

7446119

SULPHUR TRIOXIDE

Sulphan;
Sulphuric anhydride;
Sulphuric oxide
UN1829

7446-11-9

7791255

SULPHURYL CHLORIDE

Sulphonyl chloride;
Sulphuric oxychloride;
Sulphuryl chloride
UN1834

7791-25-5

7719097

THIONYL CHLORIDE

Sulphinyl chloride;
Sulphur chloride oxide;
Sulphurous dichloride;
Sulphurous oxychloride;
Thionyl chloride;
Thionyl dichloride
UN1836

7719-09-7

 

Back

Published in 104. Guide to Chemicals
Read more...
Tuesday, 09 August 2011 02:03

Ketones: Physical & Chemical Properties

Chemical Name
CAS-Number

Colour/Form

Boiling Point (°C)

Melting Point (°C)

Molecular Weight

Solubility in Water

Relative Density (water=1)

Relative Vapour Density (air=1)

Vapour Pressure/ (Kpa)

Inflam.
Limits

Flash Point (°C)

Auto Ignition Point ( °C)

ACETONE
67-64-1

colourless liquid

56.2

-95.35

58.08

misc

0.7899

2.0

2.15 ll
13.0 ul

-20

465

ACETOPHENONE
98-86-2

monoclinic prisms or plates; slightly oily liquid; colourless liquid; liquid forms laminar crystals at low temperature

202

20.5

120.16

insol

@ 15(°C)/15 °C

4.14

@ 25 °C

82 oc

570

ACETYL BROMIDE
506-96-7

colourless liquid

76

-96

122.96

sol

@ 9 °C

@ 21

BENZOPHENONE
119-61-9

white crystals

305

49

182.2

insol

1.1

p-BENZOQUINONE
106-51-4

yellow monoclinic prisms from water or petroleum ether; greenish-yellowish solid

115.7

108.09

sl sol

@ 20 °C/4 °C

3.7

@ 25 °C

38-93 cc

560

1-BROMO-2-PRO­PANONE
598-31-2

colourless liquid; rapidly becomes violet even in absence of air

137

-36.5

136.99

sl sol

@ 23 °C

4.75

1.20

1-CHLORO-2-PRO­PANONE
78-95-5

colourless liquid

119.7

-44.5

92.53

sol

@ 25 °C

40 oc

CHLORACETYL CHLORIDE
75-36-5

colourless to slightly yellow liquid

106

21.77

112.95

1.4202

2.35

2-CHLOROACETO­PHENONE
532-27-4

colourless to grey crystals

247

56.5

154.6

insol

@ 15 °C

5.3

< 10 Pa

118

CYCLOHEXANONE
108-94-1

oily liquid; water-white to pale yellow liquid

155.6

16.4

98.14

sol

@ 25 °C; 0.9478

3.4

@ 26.4 °C

1.1 ll
9.4 ul

63 cc

420

CYCLOHEXANONE OXIME
100-64-1

hexagonal prisms from petroleum ether

206-210

89-90

113.18

sol

CYCLOPENTANONE
120-92-3

water-white, mobile liquid

130.6

-51.3

84.12

insol

0.948

2.3

@ 25 °C

31cc

DIACETONE
123-42-2

colourless liquid

167.9

-44

116.16

misc

@ 25 °C

4.0

0.13

1.8 ll
6.9 ul

66 oc

acetone-free 603 com­mercial 643

DICHLORACETYL CHLORIDE
79-36-7

colourless to yellow fuming liquid

107 - 108

147.4

decomposes

1.53

5.09

3.06

11.9 ll
? ul

66

585

DIETHYL KETONE
96-22-0

colourless, mobile liquid

101.7

-39.8

86.13

v sol

0.814

3.0

@ 25 °C

1.6.

13 oc

452

DIKETENE
674-82-8

clear, colourless liquid when pure

127.4

-6.5

84.08

sol

1.0897

2.9

34 oc

2,6-DIMETHYL-4-HEP­TANONE
108-83-8

colourless liquid

168

- 42

142.2

insol

0.805

4.9

0.23

@ 93 °C ul

49 cc

396

DIPROPYL KETONE
123-19-3

144

-33

114.18

insol

1.407

ETHYL AMYL KETONE
106-68-3

167.5

128.21

insol

@

ETHYL BUTYL KETONE
106-35-4

clear liquid

@ 765 mm Hg

-39

114.21

insol

0.8183

@ 25 °C

46 oc

2,5-HEXANEDIONE
110-13-4

194

-5.5

114.4

v sol

0.737

ISOPHORONE
78-59-1

water-clear liquid

@ 754 mm Hg

-8.1

138.2

sl sol

0.9229

4.77

@ 25 °C

0.8 ll
3.8 ul

84 cc

460

KETENE
463-51-4

colourless gas

- 56

-150

42.0

reacts

1.4

Flammable gas

MESITYL OXIDE
141-79-7

The substance can presumably form explosive peroxides • Reacts violently with strong oxidants • Attacks many plastics

3

4-METHOXY-4-ME­THYL-2-PENTANONE
107-70-0

water-white liquid

147-163

130.21

v sol

@ 25 °C

METHYL AMYL KETONE
110-43-0

water-white liquid

151.5

-35.5

114.18

v sol

@ 15 °C; 0.8068

3.9

@ 25 °C

@ 66 °C ll

39 cc

393

METHYL BUTYL KETONE
591-78-6

colourless liquid

128

-57

100.16

sl sol

0.8113

3.5

@ 25 °C

1.3 ll
8.0 ul

25 cc

423

2-METHYLCYCLO HEXANONE
583-60-8

112.19

METHYL ETHYL KETONE
78-93-3

colourless liquid

79.6

-86.3

72.10

v sol

0.805

2.41

10.33

@ 93 °C ul

-9 cc

404

5-METHYL-3-HEP­TANONE
541-85-5

colourless liquid

157-162

128.24

insol in water

0.820-0.824 /20 °C

@ 0.27

59

5-METHYL-2-HEXANONE
110-12-3

colourless liquid

144

73.9

114.21

sl sol

0.888 /20 °C

3.9

0.60

@ 93 °C ul

36 cc

191

METHYL ISOBUTYL KETONE
108-10-1

colourless liquid

116.8

-84.7

100.16

sl sol

0.7978

3.5

2.09

@ 93 °C ul

24 oc

460

METHYL ISOPROPYL KETONE
563-80-4

colourless liquid

94

- 92

86.1

sl sol

0.8

3.46

@ 29.6 °C

1.2 ll
8.2 ul

3

456

METHYL PROPYL KETONE
107-87-9

colourless liquid

101.7

-77.8

86.13

sl sol

0.805

3.0

@ 25 °C

1.5 ll
8.2 ul

70 cc

505

METHYLVINYL KETONE
78-94-4

colourless liquid

81.4

-7

70.09

sol

@ 25 °C

2.41

@ 25 °C

2.1 ll
15.6 ul

-7 cc

491

2,4-PENTANEDIONE
123-54-6

colourless or slightly yellow liquid

@ 746 mm Hg

-23

100.12

v sol

@ 25 °C

3.5

0.39

2.4 ll
11.6 ul

34 cc

335

 

Back

Published in 104. Guide to Chemicals
Read more...
Tuesday, 09 August 2011 01:54

Ketones: Physical & Chemical Hazards

Chemical Name
CAS-Number

Physical

Chemical

Subsidiary Risks

ACETONE
67-64-1

The vapour is heavier than air and may travel along the ground; distant ignition possible

The substance can form explosive peroxides on contact with strong oxidants • Attacks many plastics

3

ACETYL BROMIDE
506-96-7

The substance decomposes on heating producing toxic and corrosive fumes • Reacts violently with water and alcohols, causing fire and explosion hazard

ACETYL-CHLORIDE
75-36-5

3

BENZOPHENONE
119-61-9

Reacts with strong oxidants

p-BENZOQUINONE
106-51-4

Dust explosion possible if in powder or granular form, mixed with air • If dry, it can be charged elecrostatically by swirling, pneumatic transport, pouring, etc

Reacts with strong oxidants causing fire and explosion hazard • Reacts violently with strong bases • Above 60 ºC when moist, is self-heating and decomposes giving off toxic gases (carbon monoxide)

6.1

2-CHLOROACETOPHENONE
532-27-4

On combustion, forms toxic and corrosive vapours • The substance decomposes on heating producing corrosive gas (hydrogen chloride)

1-CHLORO-2-PROPANONE
78-95-5

The substance polymerizes slowly under the influence of light • On combustion, forms toxic and corrosive gases (carbon oxides, hydrogen chloride, phosgene) • Reacts with strong oxidants

CYCLOHEXANONE
108-94-1

The vapour is heavier than air and may travel along the ground; distant ignition possible

On combustion, forms carbon monoxide • Reacts with oxidants and nitric acid causing fire and explosion hazard

3

CYCLOPENTANONE
120-92-3

The vapour is heavier than air

The substance easily polymerizes under the influence of acids • On combustion, forms toxic gases (carbon oxides) • Reacts with acids

3

DIACETONE
123-42-2

3

DICHLORACETYL CHLORIDE
79-36-7

The substance decomposes on heating, on contact with moisture, alkali metal, earth alkali metal, metal powder, producing hydrogen chloride, phosgene, causing fire and explosion hazard • Reacts with strong oxidants, alcohols, water • Attacks many metals forming combustible gas

DIETHYL KETONE
96-22-0

The vapour is heavier than air and may travel along the ground; distant ignition possible • The vapour mixes well with air; explosive mixtures are easily formed

Reacts violently with oxidants causing fire and explosion hazard • Attacks many plastics

3

DIKETENE
674-82-8

3

2,6-DIMETHYL-4-HEPTANONE
108-83-8

Reacts with oxidants • Attacks some forms of plastics

3

DIPROPYL KETONE
123-19-3

3

ETHYL AMYL KETONE
106-68-3

3

KETENE
463-51-4

The gas is heavier than air and may travel along the ground; distant ignition possible

The substance may readily polymerize • Reacts violently with many organic compounds • Reacts with water to form acetic acid • Decomposes in alcohol and ammonia

MESITYL OXIDE
141-79-7

The substance can presumably form explosive peroxides • Reacts violently with strong oxidants • Attacks many plastics

3

4-METHOXY-4-METHYL-2-PENTANONE
107-70-0

3

METHYL AMYL KETONE
110-43-0

Reacts with oxidizing materials • Attacks some forms of plastics

3

METHYL BUTYL KETONE
591-78-6

Reacts violently with oxidants and may form unstable peroxides • Attacks plastics

METHYL ETHYL KETONE
78-93-3

3

5-METHYL-2-HEXANONE
110-12-3

3

METHYL ISOBUTYL KETONE
108-10-1

The vapour is heavier than air and may travel along the ground; distant ignition possible

The substance can presumably form explosive peroxides • On combustion, forms carbon monoxide

3

METHYL ISOPROPYL KETONE
563-80-4

The vapour is heavier than air and may travel along the ground; distant ignition possible

The substance decomposes on heating producing acrid smoke and toxic fumes • Reacts violently with strong oxidants

3

METHYL PROPYL KETONE
107-87-9

The vapour mixes well with air; explosive mixtures are easily formed

Can react vigorously with oxidizing agents

3

2,4-PENTANEDIONE
123-54-6

The vapour is heavier than air

The substance may polymerize under the influence of the light • On combustion, forms toxic carbon oxides • Reacts with strong oxidants, bases and reducing agents

For UN Class: 1.5 = very insensitive substances which have a mass explosion hazard; 2.1 = flammable gas; 2.3 = toxic gas; 3 = flammable liquid; 4.1 = flammable solid; 4.2 = substance liable to spontaneous combustion; 4.3 = substance which in contact with water emits flammable gases; 5.1 = oxidizing substance; 6.1 = toxic; 7 = radioactive; 8 = corrosive substance

 

Back

Published in 104. Guide to Chemicals
Read more...
Tuesday, 09 August 2011 01:52

Ketones: Health Hazards

Chemical Name         

 CAS-Number

ICSC Short-Term Exposure

ICSC Long-Term Exposure

ICSC Routes of Exposure and Symptoms

US NIOSH Target Organs & Routes of Entry

US NIOSH Symptoms

ACETONE          67-64-1

eyes; resp tract; CNS; liver; kidneys; stomach

skin; CNS; blood cells

Inhalation: salivation, confusion, cough, dizziness, drowsiness, headache, red head, sore throat, unconsciousness

Skin: redness

Eyes: redness, pain, blurred vision, possible corneal damage

Ingestion: nausea, vomiting.

Resp sys; skin; eyes; CNS Inh; ing; con

Irrit eyes, nose, throat; head, dizz, CNS depres; derm

ACETYL BROMIDE     506-96-7

resp tract; skin

Inhalation: cough, sore throat, shortness of breath, laboured breathing, symptoms of delayed effects

Skin: redness, pain, skin burns

Eyes: pain, redness, blurred vision, severe deep burns

Ingestion: burning sensation, abdominal cramps, vomiting.

BENZOPHENONE     119-61-9

eyes; skin; resp tract; CNS

Inhalation: sore throat

Skin: redness

Eyes: redness

p-BENZOQUINONE     106-51-4

eyes; skin; resp tract; CNS; liver; kidneys

skin; resp tract; liver; kidneys

Inhalation: burning sensation, cough, nose bleeds, laboured breathing, shortness of breath, sore throat

Skin: may be absorbed; redness, pain, brown staining, blister

Eyes: redness, pain, loss of vision, brown staining

Ingestion: abdominal pain, burning sensation, diarrhoea, vomiting, death.

Eyes; skin Inh; ing; con

Eye irrit; conj; kera; skin irrit

1-CHLORO-2-PROPANONE     78-95-5

eyes; skin; resp tract; lungs

skin

Inhalation: cough, burning sensation, laboured breathing, sore throat

Skin: may be absorbed, redness, skin burns, burning sensation, pain, delayed effects: blisters

Eyes: redness, pain, blurred vision.

2-CHLOROACETOPHENONE     532-27-4

eyes; skin; resp tract; CNS

skin

Inhalation: burning sensation of chest, cough, headache, laboured breathing, shortness of breath, vomiting, wheezing

Skin: redness, pain

Eyes: redness, pain, blurred vision, permanent partial loss of vision

Ingestion: unconsciousness, loss of reflexes.

Resp sys; skin; eyes Inh; ing; con

Irrit eyes, skin, resp sys; pulm edema

CYCLOHEXANONE     108-94-1

eyes; resp tract; skin

Inhalation: cough, dizziness, drowsiness, dullness, sore throat, unconsciousness

Skin: may be absorbed, dry skin, redness

Eyes: Lacrimation, redness, pain, opacity of the cornea

Ingestion: abdominal pain, burning sensation, drowsiness, dullness, unconsciousness.

Eyes; skin; resp sys; CNS; liver; kidneys

Irrit eyes; skin; muc memb; head; narco; coma; derm; in animals: liver, kidney damage

CYCLOPENTANONE     120-92-3

eyes; skin; resp tract

skin

Inhalation: cough, sore throat

Skin: redness

Eyes: redness, pain.

DIACETONE       123-42-2

Eyes; skin; resp sys; CNS; liver Inh; ing; con

Irrit eyes, skin, nose, throat; corn damage; in animals: narco, liver damage

DICHLORACETYL CHLORIDE     79-36-7

eyes; skin; upper resp tract

Inhalation: burning sensation , cough, laboured breathing

Skin: redness, pain, blisters

Eyes: redness, pain, severe deep burns

Ingestion: abdominal cramps, burning sensation, weakness.

DIETHYL KETONE           96-22-0

eyes; skin; resp tract; lungs

lungs

Inhalation: cough , shortness of breath

Skin: redness

Eyes: redness.

Resp sys; eyes; skin Inh; ing; con

Irrit eyes, skin, muc memb, resp sys; cough, sneez

DIKETENE         674-82-8

Inhalation: cough, headache, shortness of breath, dizziness, dullness

Skin: dry skin, redness, pain

Eyes: redness, pain

Ingestion: abdominal cramps, dizziness, dullness, headache.

2,6-DIMETHYL-4-HEPTANONE      108-83-8

eyes; resp tract; lungs

skin; liver; kidneys

Inhalation: headache, dizziness, nausea, vomiting, sore throat

Skin: redness, numbness

Eyes: redness

Eyes; skin; resp sys; CNS; liver; kidneys Inh; ing; con

Irrit eyes, skin, nose, throat; head, dizz; derm; liver, kidney damage

ETHYL BUTYL KETONE     106-35-4

eyes; skin; resp tract

skin; liver; kidneys

Inhalation: headache, dizziness, sore throat, unconsciousness

Skin: redness

Eyes: redness, pain.

Resp sys; eyes; skin; CNS Inh; ing; con

Irrit eyes, skin, muc memb; head, narco, coma; derm

ISOPHORONE    78-59-1

eyes; skin

skin

Eyes; skin; resp sys; CNS; liver; kidneys Inh; ing; con

Irrit eyes, nose, throat; head, nau, dizz, ftg, mal, narco; derm; in animals: kidney, liver damage

KETENE            463-51-4

Inhalation: cough, shortness of breath

Skin: redness

Eyes: redness.

Eyes, skin, resp sys Inh; con

Irrit eyes, skin, nose, throat, resp sys; pulm edema

METHYL AMYL KETONE     110-43-0

Eyes: Inhalation: headache, dizziness, blurred vision, unconsciousnessredness.

Eyes; skin; resp sys; CNS; PNS Inh; ing; con

Irrit eyes, skin, muc memb; head, narco, coma; derm

METHYL BUTYL KETONE     591-78-6

eyes; skin; resp tract

Inhalation: cough, drowsiness, headache, unconsciousness

Skin: may be absorbed, dry skin, redness

Eyes: redness, pain, blurred vision

Ingestion: abdominal pain, diarrhoea, nausea, sore throat.

2-METHYLCYCLOHEXANONE     583-60-8

eyes; skin; resp tract; CNS

skin; CNS

CNS; skin; resp sys; liver; kidneys Inh; abs; ing; con

In animals: irrit eyes, muc memb; narco; derm

METHYL ETHYL KETONE 78-93-3

Eyes; skin; resp sys; CNS Inh; ing; con

Irrit eyes, skin, nose; head, dizz; vomit; derm

5-METHYL-3-HEPTANONE     541-85-5

eyes; skin; resp tract; lungs

skin

Eyes; skin; resp sys; CNS

Irrit eyes, skin, muc memb; head, narco, coma; derm

5-METHYL-2-HEXANONE     110-12-3

eyes; skin; resp tract

skin; eyes

Inhalation: headache, dizziness, drowsiness

Skin: redness

Eyes: redness

Ingestion: nausea, vomiting.

Eyes; skin; resp sys; CNS; liver; kidneys Inh; ing; con

Irrit eyes, skin, muc memb; head, narco, coma; derm; in animals: liver, kidney damage

METHYL ISOBUTYL KETONE     108-10-1

eyes; skin; resp tract; CNS

skin; thymus; lungs; brain; nasal passage

Inhalation: burning sensation, diarrhoea, headache, nausea, sore throat, unconsciousness, vomiting, weakness

Skin: dry skin, burning sensation

Eyes: redness, pain.

Eyes; skin; resp sys; CNS; PNS Inh; abs; ing; con

Irrit eyes, nose; peri neur; weak, pares; derm; head, drow

METHYL ISOPROPYL KETONE            563-80-4

Inhalation: cough, headache, sore throat, weakness

Skin: may be absorbed

Eyes: redness

Ingestion: nausea, vomiting .

Eyes; skin; resp sys Inh; ing; con

Irrit eyes, skin, muc memb, resp sys; cough

METHYL PROPYL KETONE     107-87-9

eyes; skin; resp tract; CNS

skin; liver; kidneys; blood

Inhalation: dullness, drowsiness

Skin: dry skin, redness

Eyes: redness, pain

Ingestion: nausea, vomiting.

Eyes; skin; resp sys; CNS Inh; ing; con

Irrit eyes, skin, muc memb; head; derm; narco, coma

2,4-PENTANEDIONE     123-54-6

eyes; skin; resp tract

skin

Inhalation: dizziness, drowsiness, headache, laboured breathing, nausea, vomiting, ataxia and tremors

Skin: may be absorbed, redness

Eyes: Redness, pain

Ingestion: diarrhoea, nausea, vomiting, weakness, ataxia.

Resp sys eyes; skin; CNS

 

Back

Published in 104. Guide to Chemicals
Read more...
Tuesday, 09 August 2011 01:51

Ketones: Chemical Identification

Chemical Formula

Chemical

Synonyms
UN Code

CAS-Number

67641

ACETONE

Dimethylformaldehyde;
Dimethylketal;
Dimethyl ketone;
Ketone propane;
Methyl ketone;
Propanone;
2-Propanone
UN1090
UN1091

67-64-1

98862

ACETOPHENONE

Acetylbenzene;
Benzoyl methide;
Dymex;
Ethanone, hypnon;
Hypnone;
Methyl phenyl ketone;
1-Phenylethanone;
Phenyl methyl ketone

98-86-2

506967

ACETYL BROMIDE

Acetic acid, bromide;
Ethanoyl bromide
UN1716

506-96-7

75365

ACETYL CHLORIDE

Acetic acid, chloride;
Acetic chloride;
Ethanoyl chloride
UN1717

75-36-5

119619

BENZOPHENONE

Benzoylbenzene;
Diphenyl ketone;
Diphenylmethanone;
Ketone, diphenyl;
a-Oxodiphenylmethane;
a-Oxoditane;
Phenyl ketone

119-61-9

106514

p-BENZOQUINONE

1,4-Benzoquine;
Benzoquinone;
Cyclohexadienedione;
1,4-Cyclohexadienedione;
2,5-Cyclohexadiene-1,4-dione;
1,4-Cyclohexadiene dioxide;
1,4-Dioxybenzene
UN2587

106-51-4

598312

1-BROMO-2-PROPANONE

Acetonyl Bromide;
Acetyl methyl bromide;
Bromomethyl methyl ketone;
Bromo-2-propanone;
Bromoacetone
UN1569

598-31-2

532274

2-CHLOROACETOPHENONE

a-Chloroacetophenone;
1-Chloroacetophenone;
Chloromethyl phenyl ketone
UN1679

532-27-4

79049

CHLORACETYL CHLORIDE

Chloroacetic acid chloride;
Monochloroacetyl chloride
UN1752

79-04-9

78955

1-CHLORO-2-PROPANONE

Acetonyl chloride;
Chloroacetone;
1-Chloro-2-ketopropane;
1-Chloro-2-oxopropane;
Chloropropanone;
Monochloroacetone
UN1695

78-95-5

108941

CYCLOHEXANONE

Cyclohexyl ketone;
Hytrol O;
Ketohexamethylene;
Nadone
UN1915

108-94-1

120923

CYCLOPENTANONE

Adipic ketone;
Dumasin;
Ketocyclopentane;
Ketopentamethylene
UN2245

120-92-3

123422

DIACETONE

Diacetone alcohol;
Diketone alcohol;
4-Hydroxy-4-methyl-2-pentanone
UN1148

123-42-2

79367

DICHLORACETYL CHLORIDE

a, a-Dichloroacetyl chloride;
2,2-Dichloroacetyl chloride;
Dichloroethanoyl chloride
UN1765

79-36-7

96220

DIETHYL KETONE

DEK;
3-Pentanone;
Dimethylacetone;
Metacetone;
Methacetone;
Propione
UN1156

96-22-0

674828

DIKETENE

3-Buteno-beta-lactone;
Diketene, dimer;
4-Methylene-2-oxetanone;
2-oxetanone, 4-Methylene;
4-Methoxy-4-methyl-2-pentanone
UN2521

674-82-8

108838

2,6-DIMETHYL-4-HEPTANONE

Diisobutyl ketone;
sym-Diisopropylacetone;
Isobutyl ketone;
Isovalerone;
Valerone
UN1157

108-83-8

123193

DIPROPYL KETONE

Butyrone;
GBL;
4-Heptanone;
Heptan-4-one;
Propyl ketone
UN2710

123-19-3

106683

ETHYL AMYL KETONE

3-Octanone;
Amyl ethyl ketone;
EAK
UN2271

106-68-3

106354

ETHYL BUTYL KETONE

n-Ethyl butyl ketone, 3-heptanone

106-35-4

110134

2,5-HEXANEDIONE

Acetone, acetonyl-;
Acetonyl acetone;
Diacetonyl;
a, b-Diacetylethane;
1,2-Diacetylethane;
2,5-Diketohexane

110-13-4

78591

ISOPHORONE

Isoacetophorone;
Isoforon;
Isophoron;
1,1,3-Trimethyl-3-cyclohexene-5-one;
3,5,5-Trimethyl-2-cyclohexene-1-one;
3,3,5-Trimethyl-5-cyclohexen-1-one

78-59-1

463514

KETENE

Carbomethene;
Ethenone;
Keto-ethylene

463-51-4

141797

MESITYL OXIDE

Acetone, isopropylidene;
Isobutenyl methyl ketone;
Isopropylidene acetone;
4-Methyl-3-pentene-2-one
UN1229

141-79-7

107700

4-METHOXY-4-METHYL-2-PENTANONE

UN2293

107-70-0

110430

METHYL AMYL  KETONE

Amyl methyl ketone;
2-Heptanone;
n-Amyl methyl ketone;
Methyl pentyl ketone
UN1110

110-43-0

591786

METHYL BUTYL KETONE

2-Hexanone;
Butyl-methyl ketone, 2-Oxohexane;
MBK

591-78-6

583608

2-METHYLCYCLOHEXANONE

o-Methylcyclohexanone

583-60-8

78933

METHYL ETHYL KETONE

2-Butanone ;
Butanone;
3-Butanone;
MEK;
Methyl acetone;
Ethyl methyl ketone
UN1193

78-93-3

541855

5-METHYL-3-HEPTANONE

Ethyl-sec-amyl ketone;
Ethyl amyl ketone ;
3-Methyl-5-heptanone

541-85-5

110123

5-METHYL-2-HEXANONE

Isoamyl methyl ketone;
Isopentyl methyl ketone;
2-Methyl-5-hexanone;
Methyl isoamyl ketone;
MIAK
UN2302

110-12-3

108101

METHYL ISOBUTYL KETONE

Hexone;
Isopropylacetone;
2-Pentanone, 4-methyl-;
2-Methyl-4-pentanone;
4-Methyl-2-pentanone;
MIBK;
MIK
UN1245

108-10-1

563804

METHYL ISOPROPYL KETONE

2-Acetyl propane;
3-Methyl-2-butanone;
Methyl isopropyl ketone;
MIPK
UN2397

563-80-4

107879

METHYL PROPYL KETONE

Ethyl acetone;
Methyl-N-propyl ketone;
2-Pentanone;
Metylopropyloketon

107-87-9

78944

METHYLVINYL KETONE

Acetone, methylene;
Acetyl ethylene;
3-Butene-2-one;
Butenone;
Ketone, methyl vinyl
UN1251

78-94-4

100641

OXIME CYCLOHEXANONE

(Hydroxyimino)cyclohexane

100-64-1

123546

2,4-PENTANEDIONE

Acetoacetone;
Acetylacetone;
Acetyl 2-propanone;
Diacetylmethane;
Pentanedione
UN2310

123-54-6

 

Back

Published in 104. Guide to Chemicals
Read more...
Page 6 of 122

" DISCLAIMER: The ILO does not take responsibility for content presented on this web portal that is presented in any language other than English, which is the language used for the initial production and peer-review of original content. Certain statistics have not been updated since the production of the 4th edition of the Encyclopaedia (1998)."

Contents

Ergonomics References

Abeysekera, JDA, H Shahnavaz, and LJ Chapman. 1990. Ergonomics in developing countries. In Advances in Industrial Ergonomics and Safety, edited by B Das. London: Taylor & Francis.

Ahonen, M, M Launis, and T Kuorinka. 1989. Ergonomic Workplace Analysis. Helsinki: Finnish Institute of Occupational Health.

Alvares, C. 1980. Homo Faber: Technology and Culture in India, China and the West from 1500 to Present Day. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff.

Amalberti, R. 1991. Savoir-faire de l’opérateur: aspects théoriques et pratiques en ergonomie. In Modèle en analyse du travail, edited by R Amalberti, M de Montmollin, and J Thereau. Liège: Mardaga.

Amalberti, R, M Bataille, G Deblon, A Guengant, JM Paquay, C Valot, and JP Menu. 1989. Développement d’aides intelligentes au pilotage: Formalisation psychologique et informatique d’un modèle de comportement du pologage de combat engagé en mission de pènètration. Paris: Rapport CERMA.

Åstrand, I. 1960. Aerobic work capacity in men and women with special reference to age. Acta Physiol Scand 49 Suppl. 169:1-92.

Bainbridge, L. 1981. Le contrôleur de processus. B Psychol XXXIV:813-832.

—. 1986. Asking questions and accessing knowledge. Future Comput Sys 1:143-149.

Baitsch, C. 1985. Kompetenzentwicklung und partizipative Arbeitsgestaltung. Bern: Huber.

Banks, MH and RL Miller. 1984. Reliability and convergent validity of the job component inventory. J Occup Psychol 57:181-184.

Baranson, J. 1969. Industrial Technology for Developing Economies. New York: Praeger.

Bartenwerfer, H. 1970. Psychische Beanspruchung und Erdmüdung. In Handbuch der Psychologie, edited by A Mayer and B Herwig. Göttingen: Hogrefe.

Bartlem, CS and E Locke. 1981. The Coch and French study: A critique and reinterpretation. Hum Relat 34:555-566.

Blumberg, M. 1988. Towards a new theory of job design. In Ergonomics of Hybrid Automated Systems, edited by W Karwowski, HR Parsaei, and MR Wilhelm. Amsterdam: Elsevier.

Bourdon, F and A Weill Fassina. 1994. Réseau et processus de coopération dans la gestion du trafic ferroviaire. Travail Hum. Numéro spécial consacré au travail collectif.

Brehmer, B. 1990. Towards a taxonomy for microworlds. In Taxonomy for an Analysis of Work Domains. Proceedings of the First MOHAWC Workshop, edited by B Brehmer, M de Montmollin and J Leplat. Roskilde: Riso National Laboratory.

Brown DA and R Mitchell. 1986. The Pocket Ergonomist. Sydney: Group Occupational Health Centre.

Bruder. 1993. Entwicklung eines wissensbusierten Systems zur belastungsanalytisch unterscheidbaren Erholungszeit. Düsseldorf: VDI-Verlag.

Caverni, JP. 1988. La verbalisation comme source d’observables pour l’étude du fonctionnnement cognitif. In Psychologie cognitive: Modèles et méthodes, edited by JP
Caverni, C Bastien, P Mendelson, and G Tiberghien. Grenoble: Presses Univ. de Grenoble.

Campion, MA. 1988. Interdisciplinary approaches to job design: A constructive replication with extensions. J Appl Psychol 73:467-481.

Campion, MA and PW Thayer. 1985. Development and field evaluation of an inter-disciplinary measure of job design. J Appl Psychol 70:29-43.

Carter, RC and RJ Biersner. 1987. Job requirements derived from the Position Analysis Questionnaire and validity using military aptitude test scores. J Occup Psychol 60:311-321.

Chaffin, DB. 1969. A computerized biomechanical model-development of and use in studying gross body actions. J Biomech 2:429-441.

Chaffin, DB and G Andersson. 1984. Occupational Biomechanics. New York: Wiley.

Chapanis, A. 1975. Ethnic Variables in Human Factors Engineering. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University.

Coch, L and JRP French. 1948. Overcoming resistance to change. Hum Relat 1:512-532.

Corlett, EN and RP Bishop. 1976. A technique for assessing postural discomfort. Ergonomics 19:175-182.

Corlett, N. 1988. The investigation and evaluation of work and workplaces. Ergonomics 31:727-734.

Costa, G, G Cesana, K Kogi, and A Wedderburn. 1990. Shiftwork: health, sleep and performance. Frankfurt: Peter Lang.

Cotton, JL, DA Vollrath, KL Froggatt, ML Lengnick-Hall, and KR Jennings. 1988. Employee participation: Diverse forms and different outcomes. Acad Manage Rev 13:8-22.

Cushman, WH and DJ Rosenberg. 1991. Human Factors in Product Design. Amsterdam: Elsevier.

Dachler, HP and B Wilpert. 1978. Conceptual dimensions and boundaries of participation in organizations: A critical evaluation. Adm Sci Q 23:1-39.

Daftuar, CN. 1975. The role of human factors in underdeveloped countries, with special reference to India. In Ethnic Variable in Human Factor Engineering, edited by Chapanis. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University.

Das, B and RM Grady. 1983a. Industrial workplace layout design. An application of engineering anthropometry. Ergonomics 26:433-447.

—. 1983b. The normal working area in the horizontal plane. A comparative study between Farley’s and Squire’s concepts. Ergonomics 26:449-459.

Deci, EL. 1975. Intrinsic Motivation. New York: Plenum Press.

Decortis, F and PC Cacciabue. 1990. Modèlisation cognitive et analyse de l’activité. In Modèles et pratiques de l’analyse du travail, edited by R Amalberti, M Montmollin, and J Theureau. Brussels: Mardaga.

DeGreve, TB and MM Ayoub. 1987. A workplace design expert system. Int J Ind Erg 2:37-48.

De Keyser, V. 1986. De l’évolution des métiers. In Traité de psychologie du travail, edited by C Levy- Leboyer and JC Sperandio. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France.

—. 1992. Man within the Production Line. Proceedings of the Fourth Brite-EuRam Conference, 25-27 May, Séville, Spain. Brussels: EEC.

De Keyser, V and A Housiaux. 1989. The Nature of Human Expertise. Rapport Intermédiaire Politique Scientifique. Liège: Université de Liège.

De Keyser, V and AS Nyssen. 1993. Les erreurs humaines en anesthésie. Travail Hum 56:243-266.

De Lisi, PS. 1990. Lesson from the steel axe: Culture, technology and organizational change. Sloan Manage Rev 32:83-93.

Dillon, A. 1992. Reading from paper versus screen: A critical review of the empirical literature. Ergonomics 35:1297-1326.

Dinges, DF. 1992. Probing the limits of functional capacity: The effects of sleep loss on short-duration tasks. In Sleep, Arousal, and Performance, edited by RJ Broughton and RD Ogilvie. Boston: Birkhäuser.

Drury, CG. 1987. A biomechanical evaluation of the repetitive motion injury potential of industrial jobs. Sem Occup Med 2:41-49.

Edholm, OG. 1966. The assessment of habitual activity. In Physical Activity in Health and Disease, edited by K Evang and K Lange-Andersen. Oslo: Universitetterlaget.

Eilers, K, F Nachreiner, and K Hänicke. 1986. Entwicklung und Überprüfung einer Skala zur Erfassung subjektiv erlebter Anstrengung. Zeitschrift für Arbeitswissenschaft 40:215-224.

Elias, R. 1978. A medicobiological approach to workload. Note No. 1118-9178 in Cahiers De Notes Documentaires—Sécurité Et Hygiène Du Travail. Paris: INRS.

Elzinga, A and A Jamison. 1981. Cultural Components in the Scientific Attitude to Nature: Eastern and Western Mode. Discussion paper No. 146. Lund: Univ. of Lund, Research Policy Institute.

Emery, FE. 1959. Characteristics of Socio-Technical Systems. Document No. 527. London: Tavistock.

Empson, J. 1993. Sleep and Dreaming. New York: Harvester Wheatsheaf.

Ericson, KA and HA Simon. 1984. Protocol Analysis: Verbal Reports As Data. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.

European Committee for Standardization (CEN). 1990. Ergonomic Principles of the Design of Work Systems. EEC Council Directive 90/269/EEC, The Minimum Health and Safety Requirements for the Manual Handling of Loads. Brussels: CEN.

—. 1991. CEN Catalogue 1991: Catalogue of European Standards. Brussels: CEN.

—. 1994. Safety of Machinery: Ergonomic Design Principles. Part 1: Terminology and General Principles. Brussels: CEN.

Fadier, E. 1990. Fiabilité humaine: méthodes d’analyse et domaines d’application. In Les facteurs humains de la fiabilité dans les systèmes complexes, edited by J Leplat and G De Terssac. Marseilles: Octares.

Falzon, P. 1991. Cooperative dialogues. In Distributed Decision Making. Cognitive Models for Cooperative Works, edited by J Rasmussen, B Brehmer, and J Leplat. Chichester: Wiley.

Faverge, JM. 1972. L’analyse du travail. In Traité de psychologie appliqueé, edited by M Reuchlin. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France.

Fisher, S. 1986. Stress and Strategy. London: Erlbaum.

Flanagan, JL. 1954. The critical incident technique. Psychol Bull 51:327-358.

Fleishman, EA and MK Quaintance. 1984. Toxonomies of Human Performance: The Description of Human Tasks. New York: Academic Press.

Flügel, B, H Greil, and K Sommer. 1986. Anthropologischer Atlas. Grundlagen und Daten. Deutsche Demokratische Republik. Berlin: Verlag tribüne.

Folkard, S and T Akerstedt. 1992. A three-process model of the regulation of alertness sleepiness. In Sleep, Arousal and Performance, edited by RJ Broughton and BD Ogilvie. Boston: Birkhäuser.

Folkard, S and TH Monk. 1985.  Hours of work: Temporal factors in work scheduling . Chichester: Wiley.

Folkard, S, TH Monk, and MC Lobban. 1978. Short and long-term adjustment of circadian rhythms in “permanent” night nurses. Ergonomics 21:785-799.

Folkard, S, P Totterdell, D Minors and J Waterhouse. 1993. Dissecting circadian performance rhythms: Implications for shiftwork.  Ergonomics  36(1-3):283-88.

Fröberg, JE. 1985. Sleep deprivation and prolonged working hours. In Hours of Work: Temporal Factors in Work Scheduling, edited by S Folkard and TH Monk. Chichester: Wiley.

Fuglesang, A. 1982. About Understanding Ideas and Observations on Cross-Cultural
Communication. Uppsala: Dag Hammarskjöld Foundation.

Geertz, C. 1973. The Interpretation of Cultures. New York: Basic Books.

Gilad, I. 1993. Methodology for functional ergonomic evaluation of repetitive operations. In Advances in Industrial Egonomics and Safety, edited by Nielsen and Jorgensen. London: Taylor & Francis.

Gilad, I and E Messer. 1992. Biomechanics considerations and ergonomic design in diamond polishing. In Advances in Industrial Ergonomics and Safety, edited by Kumar. London: Taylor & Francis.

Glenn, ES and CG Glenn. 1981. Man and Mankind: Conflict and Communication between Cultures. Norwood, NJ: Ablex.

Gopher, D and E Donchin. 1986. Workload—An examination of the concept. In Handbook of Perception and Human Performance, edited by K Boff, L Kaufman, and JP Thomas. New York: Wiley.

Gould, JD. 1988. How to design usable systems. In Handbook of Human Computer Interaction, edited by M Helander. Amsterdam: Elsevier.

Gould, JD and C Lewis. 1985. Designing for usability: Key principles and what designers think. Commun ACM 28:300-311.

Gould, JD, SJ Boies, S Levy, JT Richards, and J Schoonard. 1987. The 1984 Olympic message system: A test of behavioral principles of the design. Commun ACM 30:758-769.

Gowler, D and K Legge. 1978. Participation in context: Towards a synthesis of the theory and practice of organizational change, part I. J Manage Stud 16:150-175.

Grady, JK and J de Vries. 1994. RAM: The Rehabilitation Technology Acceptance Model as a Base for an Integral Product Evaluation. Instituut voor Research, Ontwikkeling en Nascholing in de Gezondheidszorg (IRON) and University Twente, Department of Biomedical Engineering.

Grandjean, E. 1988. Fitting the Task to the Man. London: Taylor & Francis.

Grant, S and T Mayes. 1991. Cognitive task analysis? In Human-Computer Interactionand Complex Systems, edited by GS Weir and J Alty. London: Academic Press.

Greenbaum, J and M Kyng. 1991. Design At Work: Cooperative Design of Computer Systems. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.

Greuter, MA and JA Algera. 1989. Criterion development and job analysis. In Assessment and Selection in Organizations, edited by P Herlot. Chichester: Wiley.

Grote, G. 1994. A participatory approach to the complementary design of highly automated work systems. In Human Factors in Organizational Design and Management, edited by G Bradley and HW Hendrick. Amsterdam: Elsevier.

Guelaud, F, M-N Beauchesne, J Gautrat, and G Roustang. 1977. Pour une analyse des conditions du travail ouvrier dans l’entreprise. Paris: A. Colin.

Guillerm, R, E Radziszewski, and A Reinberg. 1975. Circadian rhythms of six healthy young men over a 4-week period with night-work every 48 h and a 2 per cent Co2 atmosphere. In Experimental Studies of Shiftwork, edited by P Colquhoun, S Folkard, P Knauth, and J Rutenfranz. Opladen: Westdeutscher Werlag.

Hacker, W. 1986. Arbeitspsychologie. In Schriften zur Arbeitpsychologie, edited by E Ulich. Bern: Huber.

Hacker, W and P Richter. 1994. Psychische Fehlbeanspruchung. Ermüdung, Monotonie, Sättigung, Stress. Heidelberg: Springer.

Hackman, JR and GR Oldham. 1975. Development of the job diagnostic survey. J Appl Psychol 60:159-170.

Hancock, PA and MH Chignell. 1986. Toward a Theory of Mental Work Load: Stress and Adaptability in Human-Machine Systems. Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference On Systems, Man, and Cybernetics. New York: IEEE Society.

Hancock, PA and N Meshkati. 1988. Human Mental Workload. Amsterdam: North Holland.

Hanna, A (ed.). 1990. Annual Design Review ID. 37 (4).

Härmä, M. 1993. Individual differences in tolerance to shiftwork: a review.  Ergonomics  36:101-109.

Hart, S and LE Staveland. 1988. Development of NASA-TLX (Task Load Index): Results of empirical and theoretical research. In Human Mental Work Load, edited by PA Hancock and N Meshkati. Amsterdam: North Holland.

Hirschheim, R and HK Klein. 1989. Four paradigms of information systems development. Commun ACM 32:1199-1216.

Hoc, JM. 1989. Cognitive approaches to process control. In Advances in Cognitive Science, edited by G Tiberghein. Chichester: Horwood.

Hofstede, G. 1980. Culture’s Consequences: International Differences in Work-Related Values. Beverly Hills, Calif.: Sage Univ. Press.

—. 1983. The cultural relativity of organizational practices and theories. J Int Stud :75-89.

Hornby, P and C Clegg. 1992. User participation in context: A case study in a UK bank. Behav Inf Technol 11:293-307.

Hosni, DE. 1988. The transfer of microelectronics technology to the third world. Tech Manage Pub TM 1:391-3997.

Hsu, S-H and Y Peng. 1993. Control/display relationship of the four-burner stove: A reexamination. Hum Factors 35:745-749.

International Labour Organization (ILO). 1990.The hours we work: new work schedules in policy and practice. Cond Wor Dig 9.

International Organization for Standardization (ISO). 1980. Draft Proposal for Core List of Anthropometric Measurements ISO/TC 159/SC 3 N 28 DP 7250. Geneva: ISO.

—. 1996. ISO/DIS 7250 Basic Human Body Measurements for Technological Design. Geneva: ISO.
Japan Industrial Design Promotion Organization (JIDPO). 1990. Good Design Products 1989. Tokyo: JIDPO.

Jastrzebowski, W. 1857. Rys ergonomiji czyli Nauki o Pracy, opartej naprawdach poczerpnietych z Nauki Przyrody. Przyoda i Przemysl 29:227-231.

Jeanneret, PR. 1980. Equitable job evaluation and classification with the Position Analysis Questionnaire. Compens Rev 1:32-42.

Jürgens, HW, IA Aune, and U Pieper. 1990. International data on anthropometry. Occupational Safety and Health Series. Geneva: ILO.

Kadefors, R. 1993. A model for assessment and design of workplaces for manual welding. In The Ergonomics of Manual Work, edited by WS Marras, W Karwowski, and L Pacholski. London: Taylor & Francis.

Kahneman, D. 1973. Attention and Effort. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.

Karhu, O, P Kansi, and I Kuorinka. 1977. Correcting working postures in industry: A practical method for analysis. Appl Ergon 8:199-201.

Karhu, O, R Harkonen, P Sorvali, and P Vepsalainen. 1981. Observing working postures in industry: Examples of OWAS application. Appl Ergon 12:13-17.

Kedia, BL and RS Bhagat. 1988. Cultural constraints on transfer of technology across nations: Implications for research in international and comparative management. Acad Manage Rev 13:559-571.

Keesing, RM. 1974. Theories of culture. Annu Rev Anthropol 3:73-79.

Kepenne, P. 1984. La charge de travail dans une unité de soins de médecine. Mémoire. Liège: Université de Liège.

Kerguelen, A. 1986. L’observation systématique en ergonomie: Élaboration d’un logiciel d’aide au recueil et à l’analyse des données. Diploma in Ergonomics Thesis, Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers, Paris.

Ketchum, L. 1984. Sociotechnical design in a third world country: The railway maintenance depot at Sennar in Sudan. Hum Relat 37:135-154.

Keyserling, WM. 1986. A computer-aided system to evaluate postural stress in the workplace. Am Ind Hyg Assoc J 47:641-649.

Kingsley, PR. 1983. Technological development: Issues, roles and orientation for social psychology. In Social Psychology and Developing Countries, edited by Blacker. New York: Wiley.

Kinney, JS and BM Huey. 1990. Application Principles for Multicolored Displays. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.

Kivi, P and M Mattila. 1991. Analysis and improvement of work postures in building industry: Application of the computerized OWAS method. Appl Ergon 22:43-48.

Knauth, P, W Rohmert and J Rutenfranz. 1979. Systemic selection of shift plans for continuous production with the aid of work-physiological criteria. Appl Ergon 10(1):9-15.

Knauth, P. and J Rutenfranz. 1981. Duration of sleep related to the type of shift work, in  Night and shiftwork: biological and social aspects , edited by A Reinberg, N Vieux, and P Andlauer. Oxford Pergamon Press.

Kogi, K. 1982. Sleep problems in night and shift work. II. Shiftwork: Its practice and improvement . J Hum Ergol:217-231.

—. 1981. Comparison of resting conditions between various shift rotation systems for industrial workers, in  Night and shift work. Biological and social aspects , edited by A Reinberg, N Vieux, and P Andlauer. Oxford: Pergamon.

—. 1985. Introduction to the problems of shiftwork. In Hours of Work: Temporal Factors in Work-Scheduling, edited by S Folkard and TH Monk. Chichester: Wiley.

—. 1991. Job content and working time: The scope for joint change. Ergonomics 34:757-773.

Kogi, K and JE Thurman. 1993. Trends in approaches to night and shiftwork and new international standards. Ergonomics 36:3-13.

Köhler, C, M von Behr, H Hirsch-Kreinsen, B Lutz, C Nuber, and R Schultz-Wild. 1989. Alternativen der Gestaltung von Arbeits- und Personalstrukturen bei rechnerintegrierter Fertigung. In Strategische Optionen der Organisations- und Personalentwicklung bei CIM Forschungsbericht KfK-PFT 148, edited by Institut für Sozialwissenschaftliche Forschung. Karlsruhe: Projektträgerschaft Fertigungstechnik.

Koller, M. 1983. Health risks related to shift work. An example of time-contingent effects of long-term stress. Int Arch Occ Env Health 53:59-75.

Konz, S. 1990. Workstation organization and design. Ergonomics 32:795-811.

Kroeber, AL and C Kluckhohn. 1952. Culture, a critical review of concepts and definitions. In Papers of the Peabody Museum. Boston: Harvard Univ.

Kroemer, KHE. 1993. Operation of ternary chorded keys. Int J Hum Comput Interact 5:267-288.

—. 1994a. Locating the computer screen: How high, how far? Ergonomics in Design (January):40.

—. 1994b. Alternative keyboards. In Proceedings of the Fourth International Scientific Conference WWDU ‘94. Milan: Univ. of Milan.

—. 1995. Ergonomics. In Fundamentals of Industrial Hygiene, edited by BA Ploog. Chicago: National Safety Council.

Kroemer, KHE, HB Kroemer, and KE Kroemer-Elbert. 1994. Ergonomics: How to Design for Ease and Efficiency. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.

Kwon, KS, SY Lee, and BH Ahn. 1993. An approach to fuzzy expert systems for product colour design. In The Ergonomics of Manual Work, edited by Maras, Karwowski, Smith, and Pacholski. London: Taylor & Francis.

Lacoste, M. 1983. Des situations de parole aux activités interprétives. Psychol Franç 28:231-238.

Landau, K and W Rohmert. 1981. AET-A New Job Analysis Method. Detroit, Mich.: AIIE Annual Conference.

Laurig, W. 1970. Elektromyographie als arbeitswissenschaftliche Untersuchungsmethode zur Beurteilung von statischer Muskelarbeit. Berlin: Beuth.

—. 1974. Beurteilung einseitig dynamischer Muskelarbeit. Berlin: Beuth.

—. 1981. Belastung, Beanspruchung und Erholungszeit bei energetisch-muskulärer Arbeit—Literaturexpertise. In Forschungsbericht Nr. 272 der Bundesanstalt für Arbeitsschutz und Unfallforschung Dortmund. Bremerhaven: Wirtschaftsverlag NW.

—. 1992. Grundzüge der Ergonomie. Erkenntnisse und Prinzipien. Berlin, Köln: Beuth Verlag.

Laurig, W and V Rombach. 1989. Expert systems in ergonomics: Requirements and an approach. Ergonomics 32:795-811.

Leach, ER. 1965. Culture and social cohesion: An anthropologist’s view. In Science and Culture, edited by Holten. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.

Leana, CR, EA Locke, and DM Schweiger. 1990. Fact and fiction in analyzing research on participative decision making: A critique of Cotton, Vollrath, Froggatt, Lengnick-Hall, and Jennings. Acad Manage Rev 15:137-146.

Lewin, K. 1951. Field Theory in Social Science. New York: Harper.

Liker, JK, M Nagamachi, and YR Lifshitz. 1988. A Comparitive Analysis of Participatory Programs in US and Japan Manufacturing Plants. Ann Arbor, Mich.: Univ. of Michigan, Center for Ergonomics, Industrial and Operational Engineering.

Lillrank, B and N Kano. 1989. Continuous Improvement: Quality Control Circles in Japanese Industries. Ann Arbor, Mich.: Univ. of Michigan, Center for Japanese Studies.

Locke, EA and DM Schweiger. 1979. Participation in decision making: One more look. In Research in Organizational Behavior, edited by BM Staw. Greenwich, Conn.: JAI Press.

Louhevaara, V, T Hakola, and H Ollila. 1990. Physical work and strain involved in manual sorting of postal parcels. Ergonomics 33:1115-1130.

Luczak, H. 1982.  Belastung, Beanspruchung und Erholungszeit bei informatorisch- mentaler Arbeit — Literaturexpertise. Forschungsbericht der Bundesanstalt für Arbeitsschutz und Unfallforschung Dortmund . Bremerhaven: Wirtschaftsverlag NW.

—. 1983. Ermüdung. In Praktische Arbeitsphysiologie, edited by W Rohmert and J Rutenfranz. Stuttgart: Georg Thieme Verlag.

—. 1993. Arbeitswissenschaft. Berlin: Springer Verlag.

Majchrzak, A. 1988. The Human Side of Factory Automation. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

Martin, T, J Kivinen, JE Rijnsdorp, MG Rodd, and WB Rouse. 1991. Appropriate automation-integrating technical, human, organization, economic and cultural factors. Automatica 27:901-917.

Matsumoto, K and M Harada. 1994. The effect of night-time naps on recovery from fatigue following night work. Ergonomics 37:899-907.

Matthews, R. 1982. Divergent conditions in the technological development of India and Japan. Lund Letters on Technology and Culture, No. 4. Lund: Univ. of Lund, Research Policy Institute.

McCormick, EJ. 1979. Job Analysis: Methods and Applications. New York: American Management Association.

McIntosh, DJ. 1994. Integration of VDUs into the US office work environment. In Proceedings of the Fourth International Scientific Conference WWDU ‘94. Milan: Univ. of Milan.

McWhinney. 1990. The Power of Myth in Planning and Organizational Change, 1989 IEEE Technics, Culture and Consequences. Torrence, Calif.: IEEE Los Angeles Council.

Meshkati, N. 1989. An etiological investigation of micro and macroergonomics factors in the Bhopal disaster: Lessons for industries of both industrialized and developing countries. Int J Ind Erg 4:161-175.

Minors, DS and JM Waterhouse. 1981. Anchor sleep as a synchronizer of rhythms on abnormal routines.  Int J Chronobiology : 165-188.

Mital, A and W Karwowski. 1991. Advances in Human Factors/Ergonomics. Amsterdam: Elsevier.

Monk, TH. 1991.  Sleep, Sleepiness and Performance . Chichester: Wiley.

Moray, N, PM Sanderson, and K Vincente. 1989. Cognitive task analysis for a team in a complex work domain: A case study. Proceedings of the Second European Meeting On Cognitive Science Approaches to Process Control, Siena, Italy.

Morgan, CT, A Chapanis, JS III Cork, and MW Lund. 1963. Human Engineering Guide to Equipment Design. New York: McGraw-Hill.

Mossholder, KW and RD Arvey. 1984. Synthetic validity: A conceptual and comparative review. J Appl Psychol 69:322-333.

Mumford, E and Henshall. 1979. A Participative Approach to Computer Systems Design. London: Associated Business Press.

Nagamachi, M. 1992. Pleasantness and Kansei engineering. In Measurement Standards. Taejon, Korea: Korean Research Institute of Standards and Science Publishing.

National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). 1981. Work Practices Guide for Manual Lifting. Cincinnati, Ohio: US Department of Health and Human Services.

—. 1990. OSHA Instruction CPL 2.85: Directorate of Compliance Programs: Appendix C, Guidelines Auggested By NIOSH for Videotape Evaluation of Work Station for Upper Extremities Cumulative Trauma Disorders. Washington, DC: US Department of Health and Human Services.

Navarro, C. 1990. Functional communication and problem-solving in a bus traffic-regulation task. Psychol Rep 67:403-409.

Negandhi, ART. 1975. Modern Organizational Behaviour. Kent: Kent Univ..

Nisbett, RE and TD De Camp Wilson. 1977. Telling more than we know. Psychol Rev 84:231-259.

Norman, DA. 1993. Things That Make Us Smart. Reading: Addison-Wesley.

Noro, K and AS Imada. 1991. Participatory Ergonomics. London: Taylor & Francis.

O’Donnell, RD and FT Eggemeier. 1986. Work load assessment methodology. In Handbook of Perception and Human Performance. Cognitive Processes and Performance, edited by K Boff, L Kaufman, and JP Thomas. New York: Wiley.

Pagels, HR. 1984. Computer culture: The scientific, intellectual and social impact of the computer. Ann NY Acad Sci :426.

Persson, J and Å Kilbom. 1983. VIRA—En Enkel Videofilmteknik För Registrering OchAnalys Av Arbetsställningar Och—Rörelser. Solna, Sweden: Undersökningsrapport,Arbetraskyddsstyrelsen.

Pham, DT and HH Onder. 1992. A knowledge-based system for optimizing workplace layouts using a genetic algorithm. Ergonomics 35:1479-1487.

Pheasant, S. 1986. Bodyspace, Anthropometry, Ergonomics and Design. London: Taylor & Francis.

Poole, CJM. 1993. Seamstress’ finger. Brit J Ind Med 50:668-669.

Putz-Anderson, V. 1988. Cumulative Trauma Disorders. A Manual for Musculoskeletal Diseases of the Upper Limbs. London: Taylor & Francis.

Rasmussen, J. 1983. Skills, rules, and knowledge: Sinds, signs, symbols and other distinctions in human performance models. IEEE T Syst Man Cyb 13:257-266.

—. 1986. A framework for cognitive task analysis in systems design. In Intelligent Decision Support in Process Environments, edited by E Hollnagel, G Mancini, and DD Woods. Berlin: Springer.

Rasmussen, J, A Pejtersen, and K Schmidts. 1990. In Taxonomy for Analysis of Work Domains. Proceedings of the First MOHAWC Workshop, edited by B Brehmer, M de Montmollin and J Leplat. Roskilde: Riso National Laboratory.

Reason, J. 1989. Human Error. Cambridge: CUP.

Rebiffé, R, O Zayana, and C Tarrière. 1969. Détermination des zones optimales pour l’emplacement des commandes manuelles dans l’espace de travail. Ergonomics 12:913-924.

Régie nationale des usines Renault (RNUR). 1976. Les profils de poste: Methode d’analyse des conditions de travail. Paris: Masson-Sirtes.

Rogalski, J. 1991. Distributed decision making in emergency management: Using a method as a framework for analysing cooperative work and as a decision aid. In Distributed Decision Making. Cognitive Models for Cooperative Work, edited by J Rasmussen, B Brehmer, and J Leplat. Chichester: Wiley.

Rohmert, W. 1962. Untersuchungen über Muskelermüdung und Arbeitsgestaltung. Bern: Beuth-Vertrieb.

—. 1973. Problems in determining rest allowances. Part I: Use of modern methods to evaluate stress and strain in static muscular work. Appl Ergon 4(2):91-95.

—. 1984. Das Belastungs-Beanspruchungs-Konzept. Z Arb wiss 38:193-200.

Rohmert, W and K Landau. 1985. A New Technique of Job Analysis. London: Taylor & Francis.

Rolland, C. 1986. Introduction à la conception des systèmes d’information et panorama des méthodes disponibles. Génie Logiciel 4:6-11.

Roth, EM and DD Woods. 1988. Aiding human performance. I. Cognitive analysis. Travail Hum 51:39-54.

Rudolph, E, E Schönfelder, and W Hacker. 1987. Tätigkeitsbewertungssystem für geistige arbeit mit und ohne Rechnerunterstützung (TBS-GA). Berlin: Psychodiagnostisches Zentrum der Humboldt-Universität.

Rutenfranz, J. 1982. Occupational health measures for night- and shiftworkers. II. Shiftwork: Its practice and improvement. J Hum Ergol:67-86.

Rutenfranz, J, J Ilmarinen, F Klimmer, and H Kylian. 1990. Work load and demanded physical performance capacity under different industrial working conditions. In Fitness for Aged, Disabled, and Industrial Workers, edited by M Kaneko. Champaign, Ill.: Human Kinetics Books.

Rutenfranz, J, P Knauth, and D Angersbach. 1981. Shift work research issues. In  Biological Rhythms, Sleep and Shift Work , edited by LC Johnson, DI Tepas, WP Colquhoun, and MJ Colligan. New York: Spectrum Publications Medical and Scientific Books.

Saito, Y. and K Matsumoto. 1988. Variations of physiological functions and psychological measures and their relationship on delayed shift of sleeping time.  Jap J Ind Health  30:196-205.

Sakai, K, A Watanabe, N Onishi, H Shindo, K Kimotsuki, H Saito, and K Kogl. 1984. Conditions of night naps effective to facilitate recovery from night work fatigue.  J Sci  Lab 60: 451-478.

Savage, CM and D Appleton. 1988. CIM and Fifth Generation Management. Dearborn: CASA/SME Technical Council.

Savoyant, A and J Leplat. 1983. Statut et fonction des communications dans l’activité des équipes de travail. Psychol Franç 28:247-253.

Scarbrough, H and JM Corbett. 1992. Technology and Organization. London: Routledge.

Schmidtke, H. 1965. Die Ermüdung. Bern: Huber.

—. 1971. Untersuchungen über den Erholunggszeitbedarf bei verschiedenen Arten gewerblicher Tätigkeit. Berlin: Beuth-Vertrieb.

Sen, RN. 1984. Application of ergonomics to industrially developing countries. Ergonomics 27:1021-1032.

Sergean, R. 1971. Managing Shiftwork. London: Gower Press.

Sethi, AA, DHJ Caro, and RS Schuler. 1987. Strategic Management of Technostress in an Information Society. Lewiston: Hogrefe.

Shackel, B. 1986. Ergonomics in design for usability. In People and Computer: Design for Usability, edited by MD Harrison and AF Monk. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press.

Shahnavaz, H. 1991. Transfer of Technology to Industrially Developing Countries and Human Factors Consideration TULEÅ 1991: 22, 23024. Luleå Univ., Luleå, Sweden: Center for Ergonomics of Developing Countries.

Shahnavaz, H, J Abeysekera, and A Johansson. 1993. Solving multi-factorial work-environment problems through participatory ergonomics: Case study: VDT operators. In Ergonomics of Manual Work, edited by E Williams, S Marrs, W Karwowski, JL Smith, and L Pacholski. London: Taylor & Francis.

Shaw, JB and JH Riskind. 1983. Predicting job stress using data from the Position Analysis Questionnaire (PAQ). J Appl Psychol 68:253-261.

Shugaar, A. 1990. Ecodesign: New products for a greener culture. Int Herald Trib, 17.

Sinaiko, WH. 1975. Verbal factors in human engineering: Some cultural and psychological data. In Ethnic Variables in Human Factors Engineering, edited by A Chapanis. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Univ..

Singleton, WT. 1982. The Body At Work. Cambridge: CUP.

Snyder, HL. 1985a. Image quality: Measures and visual performance. In Flat Panel Displays and CRTs, edited by LE Tannas. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold.

—. 1985b. The visual system: Capabilities and limitations. In Flat Panel Displays and CRTs, edited by LE Tannas. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold.

Solomon, CM. 1989. The corporate response to work force diversity. Pers J 68:42-53.

Sparke, P. 1987. Modern Japanese Design. New York: EP Dutton.

Sperandio, JC. 1972. Charge de travail et régulation des processus opératoires. Travail Hum 35:85-98.

Sperling, L, S Dahlman, L Wikström, A Kilbom, and R Kadefors. 1993. A cube model for the classification of work with hand tools and the formulation of functional requirements. Appl Ergon 34:203-211.

Spinas, P. 1989. User oriented software development and dialogue design. In Work With Computers: Organizational, Management, Stress and Health Aspects, edited by MJ Smith and G Salvendy. Amsterdam: Elsevier.

Staramler, JH. 1993. The Dictionary of Human Factors Ergonomics. Boca Raton: CRC Press.

Strohm, O, JK Kuark, and A Schilling. 1993. Integrierte Produktion: Arbeitspsychologische Konzepte und empirische Befunde, Schriftenreihe Mensch, Technik, Organisation. In CIM—Herausforderung an Mensch, Technik, Organisation, edited by G Cyranek and E Ulich. Stuttgart, Zürich: Verlag der Fachvereine.

Strohm, O, P Troxler and E Ulich. 1994. Vorschlag für die Restrukturierung eines
Produktionsbetriebes. Zürich: Institut für Arbietspsychologie der ETH.

Sullivan, LP. 1986. Quality function deployment: A system to assure that customer needs drive the product design and production process. Quality Progr :39-50.

Sundin, A, J Laring, J Bäck, G Nengtsson, and R Kadefors. 1994. An Ambulatory Workplace for Manual Welding: Productivity through Ergonomics. Manuscript. Göteborg: Lindholmen Development.

Tardieu, H, D Nanci, and D Pascot. 1985. Conception d’un système d’information. Paris: Editions d’Organisation.

Teiger, C, A Laville, and J Durafourg. 1974. Taches répétitives sous contrainte de temps et charge de travail. Rapport no 39. Laboratoire de physiologie du travail et d’ergonomie du CNAM.

Torsvall, L, T Akerstedt, and M. Gillberg. 1981. Age, sleep and irregular workhours: a field study with EEG recording, catecholamine excretion and self-ratings.  Scand J Wor Env Health  7:196-203.

Ulich, E. 1994. Arbeitspsychologie 3. Auflage. Zürich: Verlag der Fachvereine and Schäffer-Poeschel.

Ulich, E, M Rauterberg, T Moll, T Greutmann, and O Strohm. 1991. Task orientation and user-oriented dialogue design. In  Int J Human-Computer Interaction  3:117-144.

United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO). 1992. Ergonomics Impact of Science on Society. Vol. 165. London: Taylor & Francis.

Van Daele, A. 1988. L’écran de visualisation ou la communication verbale? Analyse comparative de leur utilisation par des opérateurs de salle de contrôle en sidérurgie. Travail Hum 51(1):65-80.

—. 1992. La réduction de la complexité par les opérateurs dans le contrôle de processus continus. contribution à l’étude du contrôle par anticipation et de ses conditions de mise en œuvre. Liège: Université de Liège.

Van der Beek, AJ, LC Van Gaalen, and MHW Frings-Dresen. 1992. Working postures and activities of lorry drivers: A reliability study of on-site observation and recording on a pocket computer. Appl Ergon 23:331-336.

Vleeschdrager, E. 1986.  Hardness 10: diamonds . Paris.

Volpert, W. 1987. Psychische Regulation von Arbeitstätigkeiten. In Arbeitspsychologie. Enzklopüdie der Psychologie, edited by U Kleinbeck and J Rutenfranz. Göttingen: Hogrefe.

Wagner, R. 1985. Job analysis at ARBED. Ergonomics 28:255-273.

Wagner, JA and RZ Gooding. 1987. Effects of societal trends on participation research. Adm Sci Q 32:241-262.

Wall, TD and JA Lischeron. 1977. Worker Participation: A Critique of the Literature and Some Fresh Evidence. London: McGraw-Hill.

Wang, WM-Y. 1992. Usability Evaluation for Human-Computer Interaction (HCI). Luleå, Sweden: Luleå Univ. of Technology.

Waters, TR, V Putz-Anderson, A Garg, and LJ Fine. 1993. Revised NIOSH equation for the design and evaluation of manual handling tasks. Ergonomics 36:749-776.

Wedderburn, A. 1991. Guidelines for shiftworkers. Bulletin of European Shiftwork Topics (BEST) No. 3. Dublin: European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions.

Welford, AT. 1986. Mental workload as a function of demand, capacity, strategy and skill. Ergonomics 21:151-176.

White, PA. 1988. Knowing more about what we tell: ‘Introspective access’ and causal report accuracy, 10 years later. Brit J Psychol 79:13-45.

Wickens, C. 1992. Engineering Psychology and Human Performance. New York: Harper Collins.

Wickens, CD and YY Yeh. 1983. The dissociation between subjective work load and performance: A multiple resources approach. In Proceedings of the Human Factors Society 27th Annual Meeting. Santa Monica, Calif.: Human Factors Society.

Wieland-Eckelmann, R. 1992. Kognition, Emotion und Psychische Beanspruchung. Göttingen: Hogrefe.

Wikström.L, S Byström, S Dahlman, C Fransson, R Kadefors, Å Kilbom, E Landervik, L Lieberg, L Sperling, and J Öster. 1991. Criterion for Selection and Development of Hand Tools. Stockholm: National Institute of Occupational Health.

Wilkinson, RT. 1964. Effects of up to 60 hours sleep deprivation on different types of work. Ergonomics 7:63-72.

Williams, R. 1976. Keywords: A Vocabulary of Culture and Society. Glasgow: Fontana.

Wilpert, B. 1989. Mitbestimmung. In Arbeits- und Organisationspsychologie. Internationales Handbuch in Schlüsselbegriffen, edited by S Greif, H Holling, and N Nicholson. Munich: Psychologie Verlags Union.

Wilson, JR. 1991. Participation: A framework and foundation for ergonomics. J Occup Psychol 64:67-80.

Wilson, JR and EN Corlett. 1990. Evaluation of Human Work: A Practical Ergonomics Methodology. London: Taylor & Francis.

Wisner, A. 1983. Ergonomics or anthropology: A limited or wide approach to working condition in technology transfer. In Proceedings of the First International Conference On Ergonomics of Developing Countries, edited by Shahnavaz and Babri. Luleå, Sweden: Luleå Univ. of Technology.

Womack, J, T Jones, and D Roos. 1990. The Machine That Changed the World. New York: Macmillan.

Woodson, WE, B Tillman, and P Tillman. 1991. Human Factors Design Handbook. New York: McGraw-Hill.

Zhang, YK and JS Tyler. 1990. The establishment of a modern telephone cable production facility in a developing country. A case study. In International Wire and Cable Symposium Proceedings. Illinois.

Zinchenko, V and V Munipov. 1989. Fundamentals of Ergonomics. Moscow: Progress.