Ergonomics

Sunday, 07 August 2011 00:49

Boranes: Physical & Chemical Properties

Chemical Name CAS-Number	Colour/Form	Boiling Point (°C)	Melting Point (°C)	Molecular Weight	Solubility in Water	Relative Density (water=1)	Relative Vapour Density (air=1)	Vapour Pressure/ (Kpa)	Inflam. Limits	Flash Point (°C)	Auto Ignition Point (°C)
BORON 7440-42-8	polymorphic: alpha-rhombohedral form, clear red crystals; beta-rhombohedral form, black; alpha-tetragonal form, black, opaque crystals with metallic luster; amorphous form, black or dark brown powder; other crystal forms known	2550	2300	10.81	insol	Amorphous, 2.3 g/cm³; alpha-rhombohedral, 2.46 g/cm³; alpha-tetragonal, 2.31 g/cm³; beta-rhombohedral, 2.35 g/cm³		@ 2140 °C			580
BORIC ACID, DISODIUM SALT 1330-43-4	powder or glass-like plates; white, free-flowing crystals; light grey solid	1575	741	201.3	2.56 g/100 g	2.367
BORON OXIDE 1303-86-2	rhombic crystals; colourless, semitransparent lumps or hard, white crystals	1860	450	69.6	2.77 g/100 g	1.8 (amorphous); 2.46 (crystalline)
BORON TRIBROMIDE 10294-33-4	colourless liquid	90	-46.0	250.57	reacts	@ 18.4 °C/4 °C	8.6	@ 14 °C
BORON TRICHLORIDE 10294-34-5		12.5	-107	117.16		@ 12 °C/4	4.03	@ 12.4 °C
BORON TRIFLUORIDE 7637-07-2	colourless gas	-99.9	-126.8	67.82	reacts	@ 4 °C	2.4	@ -141 °C. (solid); 760 mm Hg 110.7 °C (liquid)
BORON TRIFLUORIDE ETHERATE 109-63-7	liquid; colourless	125.7	-60.4	141.94		1.3572				64 oc
DECABORANE 17702-41-9	white crystals; orthorhombic crystals; colourless or white crystalline needles	213	99.5	122.21	sl sol	@ 25 °C; liquid: 0.78	4.2	@ 25 °C		80 cc	149
DIBORANE 19287-45-7	colourless gas	-92.5	-165	27.69	sl sol	@ 15 °C	0.96	@ -112 °C	0.8 ll 88 ul	flammable gas	40-50
PENTABORANE 19624-22-7	colourless liquid	60	-46.6	63.2	reacts	@ 0 °C/4 °C	2.2	22.8	0.42 ll 98 ul	30 cc	35
SODIUM PERBORATE 7632-04-4	white, amorphous powder			81.80
SODIUM TETRAHYDROBORATE 16940-66-2	white cubic crystal; white to gray-white microcrystalline powder or lump	400 decomp slowly; 500 decoMelting Point rapidly	36	37.8	v sol	1.07
SODIUM TETRABORATE DECAHYDRATE 1303-96-4	colourless, monoclinic crystals; hard crystals, granules or crystalline powder; white, gray, bluish or greenish white streak, vitreous or dull luster	320	75	381.4	5.92 g/100 g	1.73
TRIETHYLBORANE 97-94-9	colourless liquid	95-96	-92.9	98.00		@ 23 °C
TRIMETHYL BORATE 121-43-7	water-white liquid	67-68	-29.3	103.9	reacts	0.91	3.6	@ 25 º		< 27 cc

Back

Published in 104. Guide to Chemicals

Sunday, 07 August 2011 00:46

Boranes: Physical & Chemical Hazards

Chemical Name CAS-Number	Physical	Chemical	UN Class or Division / Subsidiary RisksChemical
BORON OXIDE 1303-86-2		Reacts slowly with water to form boric acid • Corrosive to metals in the presence of oxygen	8
BORON TRIBROMIDE 10294-33-4	The vapour is heavier than air	May explode on heating • The substance decomposes on contact with alcohol producing toxic and corrosive fumes (hydrogen bromide) • The solution in water is a strong acid, it reacts violently with bases and is corrosive to metals, rubber and wood • Reacts violently with water producing hydrogen gas, causing explosion hazard	2.3/ 8
BORON TRICHLORIDE 10294-34-5	The gas is heavier than air	Reacts violently with water • On contact with air it emits hydrogen chloride • Attacks many metals in presence of water	2.3/ 8
BORON TRIFLUORIDE 7637-07-2	The gas is heavier than air	The substance will polymerize unsaturated compounds • The substance decomposes on contact with water and moisture, producing toxic and corrosive fumes including hydrogen fluoride, fluoroboric acid and boric acid • Reacts violently with metals such as sodium, potassium and calcium, and with alkyl nitrates • Attacks many metals in presence of water	8/ 3
BORON TRIFLUORIDE ETHERATE 109-63-7			4.1/ 6.1
DECABORANE 17702-41-9	Dust explosion possible if in powder or granular form, mixed with air	May explode on heating or contact with flames • The substance decomposes slowly on heating to 300°C to form boron and the flammable gas, hydrogen, and on burning producing toxic fumes (boron oxides) • Reacts with halogenated materials and ethers to form impact-sensitive materials • Undergoes explosive reaction with oxidants • Reacts with water or moisture to form flammable gas • Attacks natural rubber, some synthetic rubbers, some greases and some lubricants • Ignites in oxygen at 100°C • Reacts with amides, acetone, butyraldehyde, acetonitrile at room temperature	2.3/ 2.1
DIBORANE 19287-45-7	The gas mixes well with air, explosive mixtures are easily formed • Will ignite spontaneously in moist air at room temperature	The substance will polymerize to form liquid pentaborane • The substance decomposes at red heat to boron and hydrogen, and at lower temperatures to hydrogen and boron hydrides • Reacts spontaneously with chlorine and forms hydrides with aluminum and lithium which may ignite spontaneously in air • Reacts with many oxidized surfaces as a strong reducing agent	4.2/ 6.1
PENTABORANE 19624-22-7	The vapour is heavier than air	The substance decomposes slowly on heating to 150°C to form boron and the flammable gas hydrogen, and on burning producing toxic fumes (boron oxides) • Reacts with oxidants and halogens causing fire and explosion hazard • Impure material ignites spontaneously in air • Shock-sensitive solutions are formed with solvents such as ketones, ethers, esters	4.3
SODIUM BOROHYDRIDE 16940-66-2
SODIUM TETRABORATE DECAHYDRATE 1303-96-4		The substance decomposes on heating above 400°C producing metaborates • The substance is a weak base	3
TRIMETHYL BORATE 121-43-7	The vapour is heavier than air and may travel along the ground; distant ignition possible	On combustion, forms toxic gases of carbon and boron oxides • Reacts with oxidants causing fire and explosion hazard • Reacts with water, moist air and acids to form methanol and boric acid

For UN Class: 1.5 = very insensitive substances which have a mass explosion hazard; 2.1 = flammable gas; 2.3 = toxic gas; 3 = flammable liquid; 4.1 = flammable solid; 4.2 = substance liable to spontaneous combustion; 4.3 = substance which in contact with water emits flammable gases; 5.1 = oxidizing substance; 6.1 = toxic; 7 = radioactive; 8 = corrosive substance

Back

Published in 104. Guide to Chemicals

Sunday, 07 August 2011 00:45

Boranes: Health Hazards

Chemical Name CAS-Number	ICSC Short-Term Exposure	ICSC Long-Term Exposure	ICSC Routes of Exposure and Symptoms	US NIOSH Target Organs & Routes of Entry	US NIOSH Symptoms
BORON OXIDE 1303-86-2	eyes; skin; resp tract	kidneys	Inhalation: cough, sore throat Skin: redness Eyes: redness, pain Ingestion: abdominal cramps, diarrhoea, nausea, vomiting, shock	Eyes, skin; resp sys Inh; ing; con	Irrit eyes, skin, resp sys; cough; conj; skin eryt
BORON TRIBROMIDE 10294-33-4	eyes; skin; resp tract; lungs		Inhalation: cough, laboured breathing, sore throat Skin: Redness, burns, pain Eyes: redness, pain, severe deep burns Ingestion: burns to mouth and upper gastrointestinal tract, abdominal pain, burning sensation vomiting	Eyes, skin; resp sys Inh; ing; con	Irrit eyes, skin, resp sys; skin, eye burns; dysp, pulm edema
BORON TRICHLORIDE 10294-34-5	eyes; skin; resp tract		Inhalation: burning sensation, cough, laboured breathing, shortness of breath, sore throat Skin: Redness, burns, burning sensation, pain, blisters Eyes: redness, pain, loss of vision
BORON TRIFLUORIDE 7637-07-2	eyes; skin; resp tract; lungs	lungs; kidneys	Inhalation: corrosive, burning sensation, cough, laboured breathing Skin: redness, burning sensation, pain, on contact with liquid: frostbite Eyes: redness, pain, blurred vision	Resp sys; kidneys; eyes; skin Inh; con	Irrit eyes, skin, nose, resp sys; epis; eye, skin burns; in animals: pneu; kidney damage
DECABORANE 17702-41-9	eyes; resp tract; CNS	CNS	Inhalation: cough, dizziness, drowsiness, headache, tremors, convulsions, nausea, weakness, incoordination, symptoms may be delayed	CNS; liver; kidneys Inh; abs; ing; con	Dizz, head, nau, li-head, drow; inco, local musc spasm, tremor, convuls; ftg; in animals: weak; dysp; liver, kidney damage
DIBORANE 19287-45-7	eyes; skin; resp tract; lungs	lungs	Inhalation: cough, dizziness, laboured breathing, nausea, sore throat, weakness Skin: serious frostbite Eyes: severe deep burns	Resp sys; CNS; liver; kidneys Inh	Chest tight, precordial pain, short breath, non-productive cough, nau; head, li-head, verti, chills, fever, ftg, weak, tremor, musc fasc; in animals: liver, kidney damage; pulm edema; hemorr
PENTABORANE 19624-22-7	resp tract; CNS		Inhalation: nausea, drowsiness, headache, dizziness, blurred vision, tremors, convulsions; symptoms may be delayed Ingestion: nausea, vomiting	CNS; eyes; skin Inh; abs; ing; con	Irrit eyes, skin, dizz, head, drow, li-head, inco, tremor, convuls, behavioral changes; tonic spasm face, neck, abdom, limbs
SODIUM TETRABORATE DECAHYDRATE 1303-96-4	mucous membranes; eyes; liver; kidneys; CNS	skin	Inhalation: nose bleeding, cough, chest tightness, shortness of breath, sore throat Skin: dry skin Eyes: redness Ingestion: abdominal pain, confusion, diarrhoea, drowsiness, headache, nausea, vomiting, weakness	Eyes, skin, resp sys Inh; ing; con	Irrit eyes, skin, upper resp sys; derm; epis; cough, dysp
TRIMETHYL BORATE 121-43-7	eyes; resp tract		Inhalation: cough, sore throat Ingestion: abdominal pain, burning sensation

Back

Published in 104. Guide to Chemicals

Sunday, 07 August 2011 00:43

Boranes: Chemical Identification

Chemical Formula	Chemical	Synonyms UN Code	CAS-Number
7440428	BORON		7440-42-8
1330434	BORIC ACID, DISODIUM SALT	Anhydrous borax; Borates, tetra, sodium salt; Sodium biborate; Sodium tetraborate	1330-43-4
1303862	BORON OXIDE	Boric anhydride; Boron sesquioxide; Boron trioxide; Diboron trioxide	1303-86-2
10294334	BORON TRIBROMIDE	Boron bromide UN2692	10294-33-4
10294345	BORON TRICHLORIDE	Boron chloride UN1741	10294-34-5
7637072	BORON TRIFLUORIDE	Boron fluoride UN1008	7637-07-2
109637	BORON TRIFLUORIDE ETHERATE		109-63-7
17702419	DECABORANE	UN1868	17702-41-9
19287457	DIBORANE	Boroethane; Boron hydride; Diborane; Diboron hexahydride UN1911	19287-45-7
19624227	PENTABORANE	UN1380	19624-22-7
7632044	SODIUM PERBORATE	Sodium borate; Sodium peroxoborate	7632-04-4
1303964	SODIUM TETRABORATE DECAHYDRATE	Borates, tetra, sodium salt, borax decahydrate; Sodium biborate; Sodium biborate decahydrate; Sodium pyroborate; Sodium pyroborate decahydrate; Sodium tetraborate	1303-96-4
16940662	SODIUM BOROHYDRIDE	Sodium borohydride; Sodium tetrahydroborate UN1426	16940-66-2
97949	TRIETHYLBORANE	Triethylborane; Triethylborine	97-94-9
121437	TRIMETHYL BORATE	Boric acid, trimethyl ester; ethyl borate; Trimethoxyborine; Trimethyl borate UN2416	121-43-7

Back

Published in 104. Guide to Chemicals

Sunday, 07 August 2011 00:38

Azides: Physical & Chemical Properties

Chemical Name CAS-Number	Colour/Form	Boiling Point (°C)	Melting Point (°C)	Molecular Weight	Solubility in Water	Relative Density (water=1)	Relative Vapour Density (air=1)	Vapour Pressure/ (Kpa)	Inflam. Limits	Flash Point (°C)	Auto Ignition Point (°C)
3-AMINO-9-ETHYLCARBAZOLE 132-32-1	crystalline compound		127	210.3
AMINOAZOTOLUENE 97-56-3	golden crystals; reddish-brown to yellow crystals; yellow leaves from alcohol		102	225.28	@ 25 °C			@ 25 °C
AZASERINE 115-02-6	orthorhombic, pale yellow to green crystals from 90% ethanol.		157	173.13	@ 25 °C			@ 25 °C
1,1'-AZOBIS(FORMAMIDE) 123-77-3	orange-red crystals; yellow powder		212 decomp	116.08	sl sol	1.65
AZOBENZENE 103-33-3	orange-red leaflets; solid, orange-red crystals; yellow or orange crystals	293	68	182.22	insol in water	@ 20 º C/4 º C		@ 103 º C
CYANURIC CHLORIDE 108-77-0	crystals from ether or benzene; colourless, monoclinic crystals	190	154	184.41	insol	1.32	6.36	@ 70 °C
DIAZOMETHANE 334-88-3	yellow gas	-23	-145	42.04		1.45	1.45
1,2-DIETHYLHYDRAZINE 1615-80-1		85.5		88.15		@ 26 °C
1,1-DIMETHYLHYDRAZINE 57-14-7	clear, colourless liquid	63.9	-58	60.1	v sol	@ 22 °C/4 °C	1.94	16.4	2 ll 95 ul	-15 cc	249
1,2-DIMETHYLHYDRAZINE 540-73-8	clear, colourless liquid	@ 753 mm Hg	-9	60.10	misc	0.8274		@ 24.46 °C		< 23 cc
EDETIC ACID 60-00-4	white crystalline powder		240 decomp	292.24	@ 25 °C
HYDRAZINE 302-01-2	colourless oily liquid; white crystals	113	2.0	32.05	misc	@ 15 °C/4	1.1	2.1	4 ll 100 ul	38 cc	270
HYDRAZINE HYDROCHLORIDE 2644-70-4	white crystalline flakes	190 decomp	81-87		sol
HYDRAZINE SULPHATE 10034-93-2	orthorhombic crystals; glass like plates or prisms; white crystalline powder; colourless rhombic crystals		254	130.12	v sol	@ 25 °C
2-HYDRAZINOETHANOL 109-84-2		@ 754 mm Hg	-70	76.10	v sol	@ 25 °C
HYDRAZOBENZENE 122-66-7	tablets from alcohol & ether		131	184.2		@ 16 °C/4 °C		@ 103 °C
HYDRAZOIC ACID 7782-79-8	colourless volatile liquid	37	-80
METHYLHYDRAZINE 60-34-4	colourless liquid	87.5	-52.4	46.07	sol	@ 25 °C	1.6	@ 25 °C	2.5 ll 97 ul	0 oc	194
PHENYLHYDRAZINE 100-63-0	monoclinic prisms or oil; colourless, oily liquid; colourless to pale yellow solid or liquid	243.5	19.5	108.14	sol	1.098	3.7	@ 71.8 °C		88 cc	174
PHENYLHYDRAZINE HYDROCHLORIDE 59-88-1		sublimes	243-246 decomp	144.60	v sol
SODIUM AZIDE 26628-22-8	white, crystalline solid; colourless hexagonal crystals		275 decomp	65.02	v sol	1.846
SODIUM DICHLOROCYANURATE 2893-78-9	white, crystalline powder		240-250 decomp	- 220.96	25 g/100 ml	>1
1,2,4-TRIAZOLE 288-88-0	needles	260	120-121		v sol
TRICHLOROISOCYANURIC ACID 87-90-1	needles from ethylene chloride; white crystalline powder or granules		246.7 decomp	232.4	sol	> 1 (solid)

Back

Published in 104. Guide to Chemicals

Sunday, 07 August 2011 00:35

Azides: Physical & Chemical Hazards

Chemical Name CAS-Number	Physical	Chemical	UN Class or Division / Subsidiary Risks
1,1'-AZOBIS(FORMAMIDE) 123-77-3		The substance decomposes on heating or on burning producing toxic fumes (nitrogen oxides)	8
CYANURIC CHLORIDE 108-77-0			3
1,1-DIMETHYLHYDRAZINE 57-14-7	The vapour is heavier than air and may travel along the ground; distant ignition possible	The substance may spontaneously ignite on contact with air • in the presence of oxidizing agents • Reacts vigorously with oxidizing material such as air; vapour is inflammable in air • On combustion, forms toxic and/or flammable fumes including nitrogen oxides, hydrogen, ammonia, dimethylamine and hydrazoic acid • toxic fumes nitrogen • The substance is a strong reducing agent and reacts violently with oxidants like nitrogen tetroxide, hydrogen peroxide and nitric acid • The substance is a strong base, it reacts violently with acid and is corrosive • Reacts with oxygen causing fire and explosion hazard • Attacks plastic	6.1/ 3
1,2-DIMETHYLHYDRAZINE 540-73-8
EDETIC ACID 60-00-4		The substance decomposes on heating producing nitrous oxides • Reacts with strong oxidants, strong bases, copper, copper alloys and nickel	3/ 3/ 6.1
HYDRAZINE 302-01-2			6.1/ 3/ 8
METHYLHYDRAZINE 60-34-4			6.1/ 3/ 8
METHYLHYDRAZINE HYDROCHLORIDE 7339-53-9			6.1
PHENYLHYDRAZINE 100-63-0		The substance decomposes on heating and on burning producing toxic fumes including nitrogen oxides • Reacts with oxidants • Reacts violently with lead dioxide	6.1
PHENYLHYDRAZINE HYDROCHLORIDE 59-88-1			6.1
SODIUM AZIDE 26628-22-8		May explode on heating above melting point, especially on rapid heating causing fire and explosion hazard • The solution in water is a weak base • Reacts with copper, lead, silver, mercury and carbon disulfide to form particularly shock-sensitive compounds • Reacts with acids, forming toxic and explosive hydrogen azide • Very corrosive to aluminium	5.1
SODIUM DICHLOROCYANURATE 2893-78-9		The substance decomposes on heating, on contact with water, producing toxic fumes • The substance is a strong oxidant and reacts violently with combustible and reducing materials • The substance is a strong reducing agent and reacts with oxidants • The solution in water is a weak acid • Reacts violently with many substances causing fire and explosion hazard
1,2,4-TRIAZOLE 288-88-0	Dust explosion possible if in powder or granular form, mixed with air	The substance decomposes on boiling • Upon heating, toxic fumes are formed • Reacts with strong oxidants and strong bases	5.1
TRICHLOROISOCYANURIC ACID 87-90-1

Back

Published in 104. Guide to Chemicals

Sunday, 07 August 2011 00:33

Azides: Health Hazards

Chemical Name CAS-Number	ICSC Short-Term Exposure	ICSC Long-Term Exposure	ICSC Routes of Exposure and Symptoms	US NIOSH Target Organs & Routes of Entry	US NIOSH Symptoms
1,1'-AZOBIS(FORMAMIDE) 123-77-3	eyes; resp tract	skin; resp tract	Inhalation: cough, headache, fatigue, shortness of breath, sore throat, cramps Skin: redness Eyes: redness, pain
DIAZOMETHANE 334-88-3				eyes; resp sys Inh; con (liq)	Irrit eyes; cough, short breath; head, ftg; flush skin, fever; chest pain, pulm edema, pneuitis; asthma; liq: frostbite
DIMETHYL-p-AMINOAZOBENZENE 60-11-7				Liver; skin; bladder; kidneys; resp sys (in animals: liver &bladder tumors) Inh; abs; ing; con	Enlarged liver; liver, kidney dysfunc; contact derm; cough, wheez, dysp; bloody sputum; bronchial secretions; frequent urination, hema, dysuria; (carc)
EDETIC ACID 60-00-4	eyes; skin; resp tract		Inhalation: burning sensation, cough Skin: redness Eyes: redness Ingestion: burning sensation
HYDRAZINE 302-01-2	eyes; skin; resp tract; liver; kidneys; CNS	skin; liver; kidneys; CNS; genes		Eyes; skin; resp sys; CNS; liver; kidneys (in animals: tumors of the lungs, liver, blood vessels & intestine) Inh; ing; abs; con	Irrit eyes, skin, nose throat; temporary blindness; dizz, nau; derm; eye, skin burns; in animals: bron, pulm edema; liver, kidney damage; convuls; (carc)
METHYLHYDRAZINE 60-34-4				CNS; resp sys; liver; blood; CVS; eyes; skin Inh; abs; ing; con	Irrit eyes, skin, resp sys; vomit, diarr, tremor, ataxia; anoxia, cyan; convuls; (carc)
PHENYLHYDRAZINE 100-63-0	eyes; skin; resp tract; blood; kidneys	skin; blood	Inhalation: cough, laboured breathing, sore throat, cyanosis Skin: may be absorbed, dry skin, redness, pain Eyes: redness, pain, blurred vision Ingestion: abdominal pain, diarrhoea, nausea, vomiting, weakness, vertigo	Blood; resp sys; liver; kidneys; skin (in animals: tumors of the lungs, liver, blood vessels & intestine)Inh; abs; ing; con	Skin sens, hemolytic anemia, dysp, cyan; jaun; kidney damage; vascular thrombosis; (carc)
SODIUM AZIDE 26628-22-8	eyes; skin; resp tract; CNS	CNS; genes	Inhalation: cough, headache, nasal stuffiness, blurred vision, shortness of breath, unconsciousness, slowing heartbeat, fall in blood pressure Skin: redness, blisters Eyes: redness, pain Ingestion: abdominal pain, headache, nausea, unconsciousness, sweating	Eyes; skin; CNS; CVS; kidneys Inh; abs; ing; con	Irrit eyes, skin; head, weak, dizz, blurred vision; dysp; low BP, bradycardia; kidney changes
SODIUM DICHLOROCYANURATE 2893-78-9	eyes; skin; resp tract; lungs	skin; lungs	Inhalation: cough, dullness, headache, nausea, shortness of breath, sore throat, vomiting, symptoms may be delayed Skin: redness, skin burns, pain Eyes: redness, pain, loss of vision, severe deep burns Ingestion: burning sensation, cough, headache, sore throat
1,2,4-TRIAZOLE 288-88-0	eyes; skin

Back

Published in 104. Guide to Chemicals

Sunday, 07 August 2011 00:28

Azides: Chemical Identification

Chemical Formula	Chemical	Synonyms UN Code	CAS-Number
132321	3-AMINO-9-ETHYLCARBAZOLE	3-Amino-N-ethylcarbazole	132-32-1
97563	AMINOAZOTOLUENE	o-Aminoazotoluene; 2-Amino-5-azotoluene; 4-Amino-2',3-dimethylazobenzene; 4'-Amino-2,3'-dimethylazobenzene; 2-Methyl-4-((2-methylphenyl)azo)benzenamine; Toluazotoluidine; 4-(o-tolylazo)-o-toluidine	97-56-3
61825	3-AMINO-1,2,4-TRIAZOLE	Aminotriazole; 2-Aminotriazole; 3-Aminotriazole; 3-Amino-S-triazole; 3-Amino-1,2,4-triazole; 2-Amino-1,3,4-triazole; 3-Amino-1h-1,2,4-triazole; Amitrole; Amitrol-t; Triazolamine; 1h-1,2,4-Triazol-3-amine	61-82-5
115026	AZASERINE	Azaserin; Azaserine; Diazoacetate (ester) L-Serine; L-Diazoacetate (ester) serine	115-02-6
123773	1,1'-AZOBIS(FORMAMIDE)	Azobiscarboxamide; Azodicarbamide; Azodicarboxylic acid diamide	123-77-3
103333	AZOBENZENE	Azobenzide; Azobenzol; Azodibenzeneazofume; Azofume; Benzeneazobenzene; Benzene, azodi; Benzofume; Diazobenzene; Diphenyldiazene; 1,2-Diphenyldiazene; Diphenyldiimide	103-33-3
108770	CYANURIC CHLORIDE	Chlorotriazine; Cyanurchloride; Cyanuric acid chloride; Trichlorocyanidine; 1,3,5-Trichlorotriazine; 2,4,6-Trichloro-1,3,5-triazine; Tricyanogen chloride UN2670	108-77-0
334883	DIAZOMETHANE	Azimethylene; Diazirine; Diazomethane	334-88-3
1615801	1,2-DIETHYLHYDRAZINE	N-N'-Diethylhydrazine; Hydrazoethane; Hydroazoethane	1615-80-1
540738	1,2-DIMETHYLHYDRAZINE	N,N'-Dimethylhydrazine; sym-Dimethylhydrazine; Hydrazomethane UN2382	540-73-8
57147	1,1-DIMETHYLHYDRAZINE	Dimethylhydrazine; N,N-Dimethylhydrazine UN1163	57-14-7
60004	EDETIC ACID	3,6-Bis(carboxymethyl)-; N,N'-1,2-Ethanediylbis(N-(carboxymethyl)glycine); 3,6-Diazaoctanedioic acid; Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid; Ethylenediamine-N,N,N',N'-Tetraacetic acid	60-00-4
302012	HYDRAZINE	UN2029	302-01-2
7803578	HYDRAZINE HYDRATE	Hydrazine, monohydrate	7803-57-8
2644704	HYDRAZINE HYDROCHLORIDE	Hydrazine monochloride; Hydrazinium chloride; Hydrazinium monochloride	2644-70-4
10034932	HYDRAZINE SULPHATE	Hydrazine monosulfate; Hydrazinium sulfate; Hydrazonium sulfate	10034-93-2
109842	2-HYDRAZINOETHANOL	Hydroxyethyl hydrazine; b-Hydroxyethylhydrazine; N-(2-Hydroxyethyl)hydrazine	109-84-2
122667	HYDRAZOBENZENE	N,N'-Diphenylhydrazine; sym-Diphenylhydrazine; 1,2-Diphenylhydrazine; Hydrazine, 1,2-diphenyl-	122-66-7
7782798	HYDRAZOIC ACID	Azoimide; Diazoimide; Hydrogen azide; Hydronitric acid	7782-79-8
60344	METHYLHYDRAZINE	Hydrazomethane; 1-Methylhydrazine; Monomethylhydrazine UN1244	60-34-4
7339539	METHYLHYDRAZINE HYDROCHLORIDE		7339-53-9
100630	PHENYLHYDRAZINE	Hydrazine-benzene; Hydrazinobenzene UN2572	100-63-0
59881	PHENYLHYDRAZINE HYDROCHLORIDE	Phenylhydrazine hydrochloride; Phenylhydrazinium chloride	59-88-1
26628228	SODIUM AZIDE	UN1687	26628-22-8
2893789	SODIUM DICHLOROCYANURATE	Dichloroisocyanuric acid sodium salt; Isocyanuric acid, dichloro-, sodium salt; Sodium dichlorisocyanurate; Sodium dichloroisocyanurate; sym-Triazine-2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)-Trione, dichloro-, sodium salt	2893-78-9
288880	1,2,4-TRIAZOLE	sym-Triazole	288-88-0
87901	TRICHLOROISOCYANURIC ACID	Trichlorinated isocyanuric acid; Trichloroisocyanic acid; Trichloroisocyanurate; Trichloroisocyanuric acid; 1,3,5-Trichloroisocyanuric acid; 1,3,5-Trichloro-2,4,6-trioxohexahydro-sym-triazine UN2468	87-90-1

Back

Published in 104. Guide to Chemicals

Saturday, 06 August 2011 03:39

Aromatic Amino Compounds: Physical & Chemical Properties

Chemical Name CAS-Number	Colour/Form	Boiling Point (°C)	Melting Point (°C)	Molecular Weight	Solubility in Water	Relative Density (water=1)	Relative Vapour Density (air=1)	Vapour Pressure/ (Kpa)	Inflam. Limits	Flash Point (°C)	Auto Ignition Point (°C)
o-ACETOLUIDINE 120-66-1	crystals; colourless	296	110	149.2	sl sol	@ 15 °C
1-AMINO-2-METHYLANTHRAQUINONE 82-28-0			205.5	237.3	insol
2-AMINOANTHRAQUINONE 177-79-3	red or orange-brown needles	sublimes	303-6	233.23	insol
4-AMINODIPHENYL 92-67-1	colourless crystals which turn purple on contact with air	302	53	169.2	sl sol	1.160	@ boiling point			153 cc	450
o-AMINOPHENOL 95-55-6	crystals, rapidly becoming brown; white rhombic bipyramidal needles from benzene; colourless rhombic needles or plates	153 sublimes	174	109.12	sol	1.328				190
p-AMINOPHENOL 123-30-8	orthorhombic plates from water; white plates from water; colourless crystals; white or reddish yellow crystals	284 decomp	188	109.13	sl sol
ANILINE 62-53-3	oily liquid, colourless when pure; colourless with a bluish fluorescence when freshly distilled	184	-6	93.12	sol	1.022	3.22	0.04	1.2 ll 11 ul	70 cc	615
ANILINE HYDROCHLORIDE 142-04-1	crystals	245	198	526.8	v sol	1.22	4.46			193
o-ANISIDINE 90-04-0	pale yellowish liquid; reddish or yellowish coloured oil; colourless to pink liquid	225	5	123.2	sl sol	1.0923	4.25	@ 30 °C		118 oc
p-ANISIDINE 104-94-9	tablets from water, rhombic plates; crystals; fused crystalline mass	246	57	123.15	sol	@ 57 °C/4 °C	4.28	<13 Pa		107
AURAMINE 492-80-8	yellow or colourless plates from alcohol		136	267.4	insol			@ 25 °C
1,4-BENZENEDIAMINE DIHYDROCHLORIDE 624-18-0	crystals			181.06	sol		6.2
BENZIDINE 92-87-5	white or slightly-reddish, crystalline powder; needles, grayish, yellow crystalline powder	400	120	184.23	sl sol	1.250	6.36
2-CHLORO-4-NITROANILINE 121-87-9	yellow needles from petroleum ether-carbon disulfide, water, 20% acetic acid		108	172.57	misc
o-CHLOROANILINE 95-51-2	amber liquid	208.8	-14	127.57	insol	@ 22 °C/4 °C	4.41	0.05		108	>500
m-CHLOROANILINE 108-42-9	colourless to light amber liquid	230.5	-10	127.57	insol	1.2161	4.4	9 Pa		118 cc	>540
p-CHLOROANILINE 106-47-8	orthorhombic crystals from alcohol or petroleum ether; rhombic prisms; colourless crystals	232	72.5	127.6	sol	1.4	4.4	2 Pa	2.2 ll ? ul	120-123	685
4-CHLORO-o-PHENYLENEDIAMINE 95-83-0			76	142.6	sl sol
5-CHLORO-o-TOLUIDINE 95-79-4	grayish-white solid	237 ( at 722 mm Hg)	26	141.6
p-CRESIDINE 120-71-8	white crystals	235	52	137.2	sl sol			@ 25 °C
N,N'-DI-2-NAPHTHYL-p-PHENYLENEDIAMINE 93-46-9			235	360.43
2,4-DIAMINOANISOLE 615-05-4			67.5	138.16
3,3'-DIAMINOBENZIDINE 91-95-2	solid		178-180
4,4'-DIAMINODIPHENYLMETHANE 101-77-9		398-399	92.5	198.25	sl sol
2,4-DIAMINOPHENOL DIHYDROCHLORIDE 137-09-7	grayish-white crystals; needles		205	197.08	v sol
2,4-DIAMINOTOLUENE 95-80-7	needles from water or crystals from alcohol; prisms; colourless crystals	292	99	122.2	v sol		4.2	@ 106.5 °C		149
2,6-DIAMINOTOLUENE 823-40-5	colourless crystals	289	106	122.17	sol			@ 150 °C
N,N-DIBUTYLANILINE 613-29-6	amber liquid	267-275			insol	0.904				110
2,3-DICHLOROANILINE 608-27-5	needles from petroleum ether icsc: colourless crystals	252	24	162.02	insol		5.6	@ 25 °C		>112 cc
2,4-DICHLOROANILINE 554-00-7	prisms from acetone; needles from diluted alcohol or petroleum ether	245	64	162.0	sl sol	1.567	5.6	@ 25 °C
2,5-DICHLOROANILINE 95-82-9	light brown or amber-coloured crystalline mass; needles from petroleum ether	251	50	162.0	sl sol	1.54	5.6	@ 25 °C		139	>540
2,6-DICHLOROANILINE 608-31-1	crystals	97	39		insol		5.6
3,4-DICHLOROANILINE 95-76-1	needles from petroleum ether; fine, light-tan crystals	272	71-72	162.03	insol	1.36	5.6	2 Pa	@ 152 °C ll	166 oc	269
3,3'-DICHLOROBENZIDINE 91-94-1	needles from alcohol or benzene; gray or purple crystalline solid.	402	132-133	253.13	insol			6x10^-7 Pa			350
DICYCLOHEXYLAMINE NITRITE 3129-91-7				228.32
m-DIETHYLAMINOPHENOL 91-68-9	white, crystalline solid	276-280	78	165.23	sol
N,N-DIETHYLANILINE 91-66-7	colourless to yellow liquid; brown oily liquid	216	-38	149.23	sl sol	0.9307	1.0
N,N-DIMETHYL-p-TOLUIDINE 99-97-8	liquid	211		135.20	insol	0.9366	4.7	0.02	1.2 ll 7 ul	83
DIMETHYLAMINOAZOBENZENE 60-11-7	yellow crystalline leaflets	decomp	114-117	225.28	13.6 ppm			3.3x10-7 mm Hg (est).
DIMETHYLANILINE 121-69-7	oily liquid; pale yellow	194	2.5	121.2	sl sol	0.956	4.17	67 Pa		62	371
2,4-DINITROANILINE 97-02-9	yellow needles from diluted acetone, greenish-yellow plates from alcohol.	56.7	188	183.12	insol	@ 14 °C	6.31	@ 25 °C		224 cc
N,N'-DIPHENYL-p-PHENYLENEDIAMINE 74-31-7	colourless leaflets from alcohol; commercial grades are greenish-brown; gray powder	@ 0.5 mm Hg	150-151	260.32	insol	1.20	9.0
DIPHENYLAMINE 122-39-4	monoclinic leaflets from diluted alcohol; crystals; solid or liquid, very pale tan-amber to brown	302	53	169.2	insol	1.16	5.82	@ 108 °C		153 oc	634
1,3-DIPHENYLGUANIDINE 102-06-7	monoclinic needles; white powder	170 D	150	211.3	sl sol	1.13
N-ETHYLANILINE 103-69-5	colourless liquid; clear to straw-coloured, yellow-brown oil	204.5	-63.5	121.2	insol	0.9625	4.2	@ 38.5 °C
HYDROXYLAMINE 7803-49-8	large white flakes or white needles; colourless liquid	@ 22 mm Hg	32.05	33.04	v sol	@ 0 °C/4 °C
HYDROXYLAMINE HYDROCHLORIDE 5470-11-1	crystals		decomp		@ 17 °C	1.7
HYDROXYLAMINE SULPHATE 10039-54-0	colourless crystals		177		sol
N-ISOPROPYL-N'-PHENYL-p-PHENYLENEDIAMINE 101-72-4	dark gray to black flakes		72.5	226.3	insol	@ 25 °C
N-ISOPROPYLANILINE 768-52-5	yellowish liquid	203		135.2	insol	0.9526 25 °C				878
MELAMINE 108-78-1	monoclinic prisms; colourless; white		<250	126.13	sl sol	@ 14 °C	4.34	@ 315 °C
p-METHYLAMINOPHENOL 150-75-4	colourless needles		87	123.17	sol			@ 25 °C
METHYLANILINE 100-61-8	colourless to reddish-brown oily liquid	196	-57	107.15	insol	0.989	3.70	@ 36 °C		795 cc
4,4'-METHYLENE BIS(2-CHLOROANILINE) 101-14-4	tan coloured pellets		110	267.15	insol	1.44		@ 60 °C
MICHLER'S BASE 101-61-1	lustrous leaflets; yellowish leaflets or glistening plates	390	91.5	254.36	insol
MICHLER'S KETONE 90-94-8	white to greenish leaflets; leaf in alcohol, needles in benzene	>360 decomp	172	268.35	insol
1,5-NAPHTHALENEDIAMINE 2243-62-1	colourless crystals	sublimes	190	158.2	sl sol	1.4
a-NAPHTHYLAMINE 134-32-7	needles from diluted ethanol and ether; yellow rhombic needles; white crystals; needles, become red on exposure to air or a reddish, crystalline mass	300.8	50	143.18	sl sol	1.0228	4.93	@ 104.3 °C		157 cc
b-NAPHTHYLAMINE 91-59-8	colourless crystals which darken in air to a reddish-purple colour	306	113	143.18	sol	@ 98 °C/4 °C	4.95	@108.0 °C		157
o-NITROANILINE 88-74-4	yellow-orange crystals from boiling water; plates or needles; orange solid	284	71	138.1	sl sol	@ 25 °C/4 °C		@ 104 °C		168	521
m-NITROANILINE 99-09-2	yellow crystals from water; yellow rhombic needles	306	114	138.1	sl sol	@ 25 °C/4 °C		@ 25 °C
p-NITROANILINE 100-01-6	yellow monoclinic needles; bright yellow powder	332	146	138.12	1 g/1250 ml	1.424	4.77	0.2 Pa		199	180
4,4'-OXYDIANILINE 101-80-4	colourless crystals	>300	186-187	200.2	insol			@ 25 °C
N-PHENYL-1-NAPHTHYLAMINE 90-30-2	powder	335	62	219.27	sl sol	1.2
N-PHENYL-b-NAPHTYLAMINE 135-88-6	needles from methanol; white to yellowish crystals; gray to tan flakes or powder	395.5	108	219.29	insol	1.24
m-PHENYLENEBIS(METHYLAMINE) 1477-55-0	colourless liquid	247		136.2	v sol	1.052		@ 25 °C
o-PHENYLENEDIAMINE 95-54-5	brownish-yellow leaf from water; plates from chloroform	257	103	108.14	sol				1.5 ll ? ul
m-PHENYLENEDIAMINE 108-45-2	white crystals becoming red on exposure to air; colourless needles; rhombic crystals from alcohol; colourless rhombic needles	285	63.5	108.14	v sol	1.139	@ 5ºC	@ 99.8 °C
p-PHENYLENEDIAMINE 106-50-3	white to slightly red crystals; white plates from benzene, ether	267	146	108.14	sl sol	1.14	3.72	@ 21 °C	1.5 ll ? ul	156
N-PHENYLETHANOLAMINE 122-98-5		286		137.17	sl sol	1.0945
o-TOLIDINE 119-93-7	white to reddish crystals or crystal powder	300	131.5	212.28	sl sol	1
o-TOLUIDINE 95-53-4	light yellow liquid becoming reddish brown on exposure to air and light; colourless liquid	200.2	-14.7-16.3	107.15	sl sol	1.008	3.69	0.32 torr
m-TOLUIDINE 108-44-1	colourless liquid	203	-30.4	107.15	sl sol	0.9889	3.90	@ 41 °C		861
p-TOLUIDINE 106-49-0	lustrous plates or leaflets; white solid; colourless leaflets	200.5	44	107.15	sl sol	1.046	3.9	0.34 torr
2,4,5-TRIMETHYLANILINE 137-17-7	white crystals; needles obtained from water as solvent	235	68	135.2	insol	@ 25 °C
TRIPHENYLAMINE 603-34-9	monoclinic crystals from methanol, ethyl acetate, benzene; colourless	365	127	245.3	insol	@ 0 °C/0 °C
XYLIDINE 1300-73-8	exists in 6 isomeric forms varying from a light yellow to a brown liquid; all isomers except ortho-4-xylidine are liquids above 27 °C	213-226	-15 - 51	121.18	sl sol	0.97-0.99	4.17	20 Pa	1 ll 7 ul	91	405
2,3-XYLIDINE 87-59-2	liquid	221.5	< -15	121.2	sl sol	0.9931		@ 25 °C	1.0 ll ? ul	97 cc
2,4-XYLIDINE 95-68-1	colourless liquid	214	-14.3	121.2	sl sol	0.9723		@ 52.6 °C
3,4-XYLIDINE 95-64-7	plates of prisms from petroleum ether	226	51	121.2	sl sol	@ 18 °C

Back

Published in 104. Guide to Chemicals

Saturday, 06 August 2011 03:37

Aromatic Amino Compounds: Physical & Chemical Hazards

Chemial Name CAS-Number	Physical	Chemical	Un Class/Div / Subsidiary Risks
4-AMINODIPHENYL 92-67-1		On combustion, forms toxic gases: CO_x, NO_x • The solution in water is a weak base • Reacts with strong oxidants • Forms salts with acids such as hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, etc.	6.1
p-AMINOPHENOL 123-30-8			6.1
o-AMINOPHENOL 95-55-6		The substance decomposes on heating producing toxic fumes (nitrogen oxides) • Reacts violently with oxidants causing fire and explosion hazard	6.1
ANILINE 62-53-3		The substance decomposes on heating at temperatures above 190 °C, or on burning producing toxic and corrosive fumes (ammoia and nitrogen oxides) and flammable vapours • The substance is a weak base • Reacts vigorously with strong oxidants, acids, acetic anhydride, chloromelamine monomers, beta-propiolactone and epichlorohydrin causing fire and explosion hazard • Reacts with metals such as sodium, potassium, calcium, producing flammable hydrogen gas • Attacks copper and its alloys
ANILINE HYDROCHLORIDE 142-04-1	The vapour is heavier than air	On combustion, forms toxic fumes including nitrogen oxides • On contact with hot surfaces or flames this substance decomposes forming toxic and corrosive fumes of aniline and chlorine compounds and nitrosis gases • The substance decomposes on heating or on contact with acids producing toxic fumes including aniline and hydrochloric acid • Reacts violently with oxidants causing fire and explosion hazard	6.1
o-ANISIDINE 90-04-0		The substance decomposes on heating producing toxic fumes (nitrogen oxides) • Reacts with strong oxidants causing fire and explosion hazard • Reacts with acids, acid chlorides, acid anydrides, chloroformates • Attacks some forms of plastics, rubber and coatings	6.1
p-ANISIDINE 104-94-9		The substance decomposes on heating producing toxic fumes (nitrogen oxides) • Reacts with strong oxidants causing fire and explosion hazard • Reacts with acids, acid chlorides, acid anydrides, chloroformates	6.1
o-ANISIDINE HYDROCHLORIDE 134-29-2
1,4-BENZENEDIAMINE DIHYDROCHLORIDE 624-18-0	Dust explosion possible if in powder or granular form, mixed with air	The substance decomposes on heating producing toxic and corrosive fumes (nitrogen oxides, hydrogen chloride)	6.1
BENZIDINE 92-87-5			6.1
2-CHLORO-4-NITROANILINE 121-87-9			6.1
o-CHLOROANILINE 95-51-2		The substance decomposes on burning producing toxic fumes (nitrous oxides, hydrogen chloride)	6.1
m-CHLOROANILINE 108-42-9		The substance decomposes on burning producing toxic fumes (nitrous oxides, hydrogen chloride) • The solution in water is a weak base • Reacts violently with oxidants causing fire and explosion hazard	6.1
p-CHLOROANILINE 106-47-8		The substance decomposes on heating above 160 °C and on burning producing toxic and corrosive fumes of nitrogen oxides and hydrogen chloride • Reacts violently with oxidants	6.1
5-CHLORO-o-TOLUIDINE 95-79-4			8
p-CRESIDINE 120-71-8			6.1
2,4-DIAMINOTOLUENE 95-80-7		On combustion, forms toxic gases and fumes (carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxides) • Reacts with oxidants, acids, acid anhydrides, and acid chlorides
2,6-DIAMINOTOLUENE 823-40-5		On combustion, forms toxic fumes of nitogen oxides	6.1
2,3-DICHLOROANILINE 608-27-5		The substance decomposes on heating producing toxic fumes (nitrous oxides, hydrogen chloride)	6.1
2,4-DICHLOROANILINE 554-00-7		The substance decomposes on heating producing toxic fumes (nitrous oxides, hydrogen chloride)	6.1
2,5-DICHLOROANILINE 95-82-9		The substance decomposes on heating producing toxic fumes (nitrous oxides, hydrogen chloride)	6.1
2,6-DICHLOROANILINE 608-31-1		The substance decomposes on heating producing toxic fumes (nitrous oxides, hydrogen chloride)	6.1
3,4-DICHLOROANILINE 95-76-1		The substance decomposes on heating producing toxic fumes (nitrous oxides, hydrogen chloride)
3,3'-DICHLOROBENZIDINE 91-94-1		The substance decomposes on heating producing toxic and corrosive fumes including nitrogen oxides and hydrogen chloride • dergoes usual reactions of benzidine derivates, eg • formation of diazonium salts and acyl and alkyl derivates	4.1
DICYCLOHEXYLAMINONITRITE 3129-91-7			6.1
N,N-DIETHYLANILINE 91-66-7
N,N-DIMETHYL-p-TOLUIDINE 99-97-8		On combustion, forms toxic and corrosive gases (NO_x) • Reacts violently with strong oxidants causing fire and explosion hazard • Reacts with acids, anhydrides and chlorides • Attacks many plastics	6.1
DIMETHYLANILINE 121-69-7		The substance decomposes on heating or on burning producing highly toxic fumes (aniline, nitrogen oxides) • The substance is a weak base • Reacts with oxidants	6.1
2,4-DINITROANILINE 97-02-9		May explode on heating, friction or contamination • The substance decomposes on heating producing toxic fumes (nitrogen oxides) • Reacts violently with oxidants • Reacts violently with chlorine and hydrochloric acid evolving gases
DIPHENYLAMINE 122-39-4	Dust explosion possible if in powder or granular form, mixed with air	On combustion, forms toxic gases of carbon and nitrogen oxides • Reacts with strong oxidants and acids	6.1
N-ETHYLANILINE 103-69-5
N-ISOPROPYL-N'-PHENYL-p-PHENYLENEDIAMINE 101-72-4		On combustion, forms toxic gases (NO_x, CO_x) • The substance decomposes producing toxic fumes (nitrogen oxides)	6.1
p-METHYLAMINOPHENOL 150-75-4			6.1
METHYLANILINE 100-61-8		The substance decomposes on heating and on burning producing toxic fumes including aniline, nitrogen oxides • Reacts violently with strong acids and oxidants • Attacks some plastic
1,5-NAPHTHALENEDIAMINE 2243-62-1		The substance decomposes on heating producing toxic fumes (nitrogen oxides)	6.1
a-NAPHTHYLAMINE 134-32-7			6.1
b-NAPHTHYLAMINE 91-59-8			6.1
o-NITROANILINE 88-74-4	Dust explosion possible if in powder or granular form, mixed with air	On combustion, forms toxic fumes of nitrogen oxides • The substance is a strong oxidant and reacts with combustible and reducing materials • Reacts with organic materials in presence of moisture causing fire hazard	6.1
m-NITROANILINE 99-09-2	Dust explosion possible if in powder or granular form, mixed with air	On combustion, forms toxic fumes of nitrogen oxides • The substance is a strong oxidant and reacts with combustible and reducing materials • Reacts with organic materials in presence of moisture causing fire hazard	6.1
p-NITROANILINE 100-01-6	Dust explosion possible if in powder or granular form, mixed with air	May explode on heating • On combustion, forms toxic fumes of nitrogen oxides • The substance is a strong oxidant and reacts with combustible and reducing materials • Reacts with organic materials in presence of moisture causing fire hazard
N-PHENYL-1-NAPHTHYLAMINE 90-30-2		On combustion, forms toxic fumes (NO_x) • The substance decomposes on heating or on burning producing toxic fumes (nitrogen oxides)	6.1
o-PHENYLENEDIAMINE 95-54-5			6.1
m-PHENYLENEDIAMINE 108-45-2			6.1
p-PHENYLENEDIAMINE 106-50-3		The substance decomposes on heating and on burning producing toxic fumes (nitrogen oxides) • The substance is a strong reducing agent and reacts violently with oxidants
o-TOLIDINE 119-93-7		The substance decomposes on heating and on burning producing toxic fumes including nitrogen oxides • The substance is degraded by light	6.1
o-TOLUIDINE 95-53-4			6.1
m-TOLUIDINE 108-44-1			6.1
p-TOLUIDINE 106-49-0			6.1
XYLIDINE 1300-73-8		The substance decomposes on burning producing hazardous oxides of nitrogen • Reacts with strong oxidants • Reacts with hypochlorites forming explosive chloramines	6.1
2,3-XYLIDINE 87-59-2			6.1
2,4-XYLIDINE 95-68-1			6.1
3,4-XYLIDINE 95-64-7

Back

Published in 104. Guide to Chemicals

Start
Prev
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
Next
End

Page 15 of 122

" DISCLAIMER: The ILO does not take responsibility for content presented on this web portal that is presented in any language other than English, which is the language used for the initial production and peer-review of original content. Certain statistics have not been updated since the production of the 4th edition of the Encyclopaedia (1998)."

Ergonomics References

Abeysekera, JDA, H Shahnavaz, and LJ Chapman. 1990. Ergonomics in developing countries. In Advances in Industrial Ergonomics and Safety, edited by B Das. London: Taylor & Francis.

Ahonen, M, M Launis, and T Kuorinka. 1989. Ergonomic Workplace Analysis. Helsinki: Finnish Institute of Occupational Health.

Alvares, C. 1980. Homo Faber: Technology and Culture in India, China and the West from 1500 to Present Day. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff.

Amalberti, R. 1991. Savoir-faire de l’opérateur: aspects théoriques et pratiques en ergonomie. In Modèle en analyse du travail, edited by R Amalberti, M de Montmollin, and J Thereau. Liège: Mardaga.

Amalberti, R, M Bataille, G Deblon, A Guengant, JM Paquay, C Valot, and JP Menu. 1989. Développement d’aides intelligentes au pilotage: Formalisation psychologique et informatique d’un modèle de comportement du pologage de combat engagé en mission de pènètration. Paris: Rapport CERMA.

Åstrand, I. 1960. Aerobic work capacity in men and women with special reference to age. Acta Physiol Scand 49 Suppl. 169:1-92.

Bainbridge, L. 1981. Le contrôleur de processus. B Psychol XXXIV:813-832.

—. 1986. Asking questions and accessing knowledge. Future Comput Sys 1:143-149.

Baitsch, C. 1985. Kompetenzentwicklung und partizipative Arbeitsgestaltung. Bern: Huber.

Banks, MH and RL Miller. 1984. Reliability and convergent validity of the job component inventory. J Occup Psychol 57:181-184.

Baranson, J. 1969. Industrial Technology for Developing Economies. New York: Praeger.

Bartenwerfer, H. 1970. Psychische Beanspruchung und Erdmüdung. In Handbuch der Psychologie, edited by A Mayer and B Herwig. Göttingen: Hogrefe.

Bartlem, CS and E Locke. 1981. The Coch and French study: A critique and reinterpretation. Hum Relat 34:555-566.

Blumberg, M. 1988. Towards a new theory of job design. In Ergonomics of Hybrid Automated Systems, edited by W Karwowski, HR Parsaei, and MR Wilhelm. Amsterdam: Elsevier.

Bourdon, F and A Weill Fassina. 1994. Réseau et processus de coopération dans la gestion du trafic ferroviaire. Travail Hum. Numéro spécial consacré au travail collectif.

Brehmer, B. 1990. Towards a taxonomy for microworlds. In Taxonomy for an Analysis of Work Domains. Proceedings of the First MOHAWC Workshop, edited by B Brehmer, M de Montmollin and J Leplat. Roskilde: Riso National Laboratory.

Brown DA and R Mitchell. 1986. The Pocket Ergonomist. Sydney: Group Occupational Health Centre.

Bruder. 1993. Entwicklung eines wissensbusierten Systems zur belastungsanalytisch unterscheidbaren Erholungszeit. Düsseldorf: VDI-Verlag.

Caverni, JP. 1988. La verbalisation comme source d’observables pour l’étude du fonctionnnement cognitif. In Psychologie cognitive: Modèles et méthodes, edited by JP
Caverni, C Bastien, P Mendelson, and G Tiberghien. Grenoble: Presses Univ. de Grenoble.

Campion, MA. 1988. Interdisciplinary approaches to job design: A constructive replication with extensions. J Appl Psychol 73:467-481.

Campion, MA and PW Thayer. 1985. Development and field evaluation of an inter-disciplinary measure of job design. J Appl Psychol 70:29-43.

Carter, RC and RJ Biersner. 1987. Job requirements derived from the Position Analysis Questionnaire and validity using military aptitude test scores. J Occup Psychol 60:311-321.

Chaffin, DB. 1969. A computerized biomechanical model-development of and use in studying gross body actions. J Biomech 2:429-441.

Chaffin, DB and G Andersson. 1984. Occupational Biomechanics. New York: Wiley.

Chapanis, A. 1975. Ethnic Variables in Human Factors Engineering. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University.

Coch, L and JRP French. 1948. Overcoming resistance to change. Hum Relat 1:512-532.

Corlett, EN and RP Bishop. 1976. A technique for assessing postural discomfort. Ergonomics 19:175-182.

Corlett, N. 1988. The investigation and evaluation of work and workplaces. Ergonomics 31:727-734.

Costa, G, G Cesana, K Kogi, and A Wedderburn. 1990. Shiftwork: health, sleep and performance. Frankfurt: Peter Lang.

Cotton, JL, DA Vollrath, KL Froggatt, ML Lengnick-Hall, and KR Jennings. 1988. Employee participation: Diverse forms and different outcomes. Acad Manage Rev 13:8-22.

Cushman, WH and DJ Rosenberg. 1991. Human Factors in Product Design. Amsterdam: Elsevier.

Dachler, HP and B Wilpert. 1978. Conceptual dimensions and boundaries of participation in organizations: A critical evaluation. Adm Sci Q 23:1-39.

Daftuar, CN. 1975. The role of human factors in underdeveloped countries, with special reference to India. In Ethnic Variable in Human Factor Engineering, edited by Chapanis. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University.

Das, B and RM Grady. 1983a. Industrial workplace layout design. An application of engineering anthropometry. Ergonomics 26:433-447.

—. 1983b. The normal working area in the horizontal plane. A comparative study between Farley’s and Squire’s concepts. Ergonomics 26:449-459.

Deci, EL. 1975. Intrinsic Motivation. New York: Plenum Press.

Decortis, F and PC Cacciabue. 1990. Modèlisation cognitive et analyse de l’activité. In Modèles et pratiques de l’analyse du travail, edited by R Amalberti, M Montmollin, and J Theureau. Brussels: Mardaga.

DeGreve, TB and MM Ayoub. 1987. A workplace design expert system. Int J Ind Erg 2:37-48.

De Keyser, V. 1986. De l’évolution des métiers. In Traité de psychologie du travail, edited by C Levy- Leboyer and JC Sperandio. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France.

—. 1992. Man within the Production Line. Proceedings of the Fourth Brite-EuRam Conference, 25-27 May, Séville, Spain. Brussels: EEC.

De Keyser, V and A Housiaux. 1989. The Nature of Human Expertise. Rapport Intermédiaire Politique Scientifique. Liège: Université de Liège.

De Keyser, V and AS Nyssen. 1993. Les erreurs humaines en anesthésie. Travail Hum 56:243-266.

De Lisi, PS. 1990. Lesson from the steel axe: Culture, technology and organizational change. Sloan Manage Rev 32:83-93.

Dillon, A. 1992. Reading from paper versus screen: A critical review of the empirical literature. Ergonomics 35:1297-1326.

Dinges, DF. 1992. Probing the limits of functional capacity: The effects of sleep loss on short-duration tasks. In Sleep, Arousal, and Performance, edited by RJ Broughton and RD Ogilvie. Boston: Birkhäuser.

Drury, CG. 1987. A biomechanical evaluation of the repetitive motion injury potential of industrial jobs. Sem Occup Med 2:41-49.

Edholm, OG. 1966. The assessment of habitual activity. In Physical Activity in Health and Disease, edited by K Evang and K Lange-Andersen. Oslo: Universitetterlaget.

Eilers, K, F Nachreiner, and K Hänicke. 1986. Entwicklung und Überprüfung einer Skala zur Erfassung subjektiv erlebter Anstrengung. Zeitschrift für Arbeitswissenschaft 40:215-224.

Elias, R. 1978. A medicobiological approach to workload. Note No. 1118-9178 in Cahiers De Notes Documentaires—Sécurité Et Hygiène Du Travail. Paris: INRS.

Elzinga, A and A Jamison. 1981. Cultural Components in the Scientific Attitude to Nature: Eastern and Western Mode. Discussion paper No. 146. Lund: Univ. of Lund, Research Policy Institute.

Emery, FE. 1959. Characteristics of Socio-Technical Systems. Document No. 527. London: Tavistock.

Empson, J. 1993. Sleep and Dreaming. New York: Harvester Wheatsheaf.

Ericson, KA and HA Simon. 1984. Protocol Analysis: Verbal Reports As Data. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.

European Committee for Standardization (CEN). 1990. Ergonomic Principles of the Design of Work Systems. EEC Council Directive 90/269/EEC, The Minimum Health and Safety Requirements for the Manual Handling of Loads. Brussels: CEN.

—. 1991. CEN Catalogue 1991: Catalogue of European Standards. Brussels: CEN.

—. 1994. Safety of Machinery: Ergonomic Design Principles. Part 1: Terminology and General Principles. Brussels: CEN.

Fadier, E. 1990. Fiabilité humaine: méthodes d’analyse et domaines d’application. In Les facteurs humains de la fiabilité dans les systèmes complexes, edited by J Leplat and G De Terssac. Marseilles: Octares.

Falzon, P. 1991. Cooperative dialogues. In Distributed Decision Making. Cognitive Models for Cooperative Works, edited by J Rasmussen, B Brehmer, and J Leplat. Chichester: Wiley.

Faverge, JM. 1972. L’analyse du travail. In Traité de psychologie appliqueé, edited by M Reuchlin. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France.

Fisher, S. 1986. Stress and Strategy. London: Erlbaum.

Flanagan, JL. 1954. The critical incident technique. Psychol Bull 51:327-358.

Fleishman, EA and MK Quaintance. 1984. Toxonomies of Human Performance: The Description of Human Tasks. New York: Academic Press.

Flügel, B, H Greil, and K Sommer. 1986. Anthropologischer Atlas. Grundlagen und Daten. Deutsche Demokratische Republik. Berlin: Verlag tribüne.

Folkard, S and T Akerstedt. 1992. A three-process model of the regulation of alertness sleepiness. In Sleep, Arousal and Performance, edited by RJ Broughton and BD Ogilvie. Boston: Birkhäuser.

Folkard, S and TH Monk. 1985. Hours of work: Temporal factors in work scheduling . Chichester: Wiley.

Folkard, S, TH Monk, and MC Lobban. 1978. Short and long-term adjustment of circadian rhythms in “permanent” night nurses. Ergonomics 21:785-799.

Folkard, S, P Totterdell, D Minors and J Waterhouse. 1993. Dissecting circadian performance rhythms: Implications for shiftwork. Ergonomics 36(1-3):283-88.

Fröberg, JE. 1985. Sleep deprivation and prolonged working hours. In Hours of Work: Temporal Factors in Work Scheduling, edited by S Folkard and TH Monk. Chichester: Wiley.

Fuglesang, A. 1982. About Understanding Ideas and Observations on Cross-Cultural
Communication. Uppsala: Dag Hammarskjöld Foundation.

Geertz, C. 1973. The Interpretation of Cultures. New York: Basic Books.

Gilad, I. 1993. Methodology for functional ergonomic evaluation of repetitive operations. In Advances in Industrial Egonomics and Safety, edited by Nielsen and Jorgensen. London: Taylor & Francis.

Gilad, I and E Messer. 1992. Biomechanics considerations and ergonomic design in diamond polishing. In Advances in Industrial Ergonomics and Safety, edited by Kumar. London: Taylor & Francis.

Glenn, ES and CG Glenn. 1981. Man and Mankind: Conflict and Communication between Cultures. Norwood, NJ: Ablex.

Gopher, D and E Donchin. 1986. Workload—An examination of the concept. In Handbook of Perception and Human Performance, edited by K Boff, L Kaufman, and JP Thomas. New York: Wiley.

Gould, JD. 1988. How to design usable systems. In Handbook of Human Computer Interaction, edited by M Helander. Amsterdam: Elsevier.

Gould, JD and C Lewis. 1985. Designing for usability: Key principles and what designers think. Commun ACM 28:300-311.

Gould, JD, SJ Boies, S Levy, JT Richards, and J Schoonard. 1987. The 1984 Olympic message system: A test of behavioral principles of the design. Commun ACM 30:758-769.

Gowler, D and K Legge. 1978. Participation in context: Towards a synthesis of the theory and practice of organizational change, part I. J Manage Stud 16:150-175.

Grady, JK and J de Vries. 1994. RAM: The Rehabilitation Technology Acceptance Model as a Base for an Integral Product Evaluation. Instituut voor Research, Ontwikkeling en Nascholing in de Gezondheidszorg (IRON) and University Twente, Department of Biomedical Engineering.

Grandjean, E. 1988. Fitting the Task to the Man. London: Taylor & Francis.

Grant, S and T Mayes. 1991. Cognitive task analysis? In Human-Computer Interactionand Complex Systems, edited by GS Weir and J Alty. London: Academic Press.

Greenbaum, J and M Kyng. 1991. Design At Work: Cooperative Design of Computer Systems. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.

Greuter, MA and JA Algera. 1989. Criterion development and job analysis. In Assessment and Selection in Organizations, edited by P Herlot. Chichester: Wiley.

Grote, G. 1994. A participatory approach to the complementary design of highly automated work systems. In Human Factors in Organizational Design and Management, edited by G Bradley and HW Hendrick. Amsterdam: Elsevier.

Guelaud, F, M-N Beauchesne, J Gautrat, and G Roustang. 1977. Pour une analyse des conditions du travail ouvrier dans l’entreprise. Paris: A. Colin.

Guillerm, R, E Radziszewski, and A Reinberg. 1975. Circadian rhythms of six healthy young men over a 4-week period with night-work every 48 h and a 2 per cent Co2 atmosphere. In Experimental Studies of Shiftwork, edited by P Colquhoun, S Folkard, P Knauth, and J Rutenfranz. Opladen: Westdeutscher Werlag.

Hacker, W. 1986. Arbeitspsychologie. In Schriften zur Arbeitpsychologie, edited by E Ulich. Bern: Huber.

Hacker, W and P Richter. 1994. Psychische Fehlbeanspruchung. Ermüdung, Monotonie, Sättigung, Stress. Heidelberg: Springer.

Hackman, JR and GR Oldham. 1975. Development of the job diagnostic survey. J Appl Psychol 60:159-170.

Hancock, PA and MH Chignell. 1986. Toward a Theory of Mental Work Load: Stress and Adaptability in Human-Machine Systems. Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference On Systems, Man, and Cybernetics. New York: IEEE Society.

Hancock, PA and N Meshkati. 1988. Human Mental Workload. Amsterdam: North Holland.

Hanna, A (ed.). 1990. Annual Design Review ID. 37 (4).

Härmä, M. 1993. Individual differences in tolerance to shiftwork: a review. Ergonomics 36:101-109.

Hart, S and LE Staveland. 1988. Development of NASA-TLX (Task Load Index): Results of empirical and theoretical research. In Human Mental Work Load, edited by PA Hancock and N Meshkati. Amsterdam: North Holland.

Hirschheim, R and HK Klein. 1989. Four paradigms of information systems development. Commun ACM 32:1199-1216.

Hoc, JM. 1989. Cognitive approaches to process control. In Advances in Cognitive Science, edited by G Tiberghein. Chichester: Horwood.

Hofstede, G. 1980. Culture’s Consequences: International Differences in Work-Related Values. Beverly Hills, Calif.: Sage Univ. Press.

—. 1983. The cultural relativity of organizational practices and theories. J Int Stud :75-89.

Hornby, P and C Clegg. 1992. User participation in context: A case study in a UK bank. Behav Inf Technol 11:293-307.

Hosni, DE. 1988. The transfer of microelectronics technology to the third world. Tech Manage Pub TM 1:391-3997.

Hsu, S-H and Y Peng. 1993. Control/display relationship of the four-burner stove: A reexamination. Hum Factors 35:745-749.

International Labour Organization (ILO). 1990.The hours we work: new work schedules in policy and practice. Cond Wor Dig 9.

International Organization for Standardization (ISO). 1980. Draft Proposal for Core List of Anthropometric Measurements ISO/TC 159/SC 3 N 28 DP 7250. Geneva: ISO.

—. 1996. ISO/DIS 7250 Basic Human Body Measurements for Technological Design. Geneva: ISO.
Japan Industrial Design Promotion Organization (JIDPO). 1990. Good Design Products 1989. Tokyo: JIDPO.

Jastrzebowski, W. 1857. Rys ergonomiji czyli Nauki o Pracy, opartej naprawdach poczerpnietych z Nauki Przyrody. Przyoda i Przemysl 29:227-231.

Jeanneret, PR. 1980. Equitable job evaluation and classification with the Position Analysis Questionnaire. Compens Rev 1:32-42.

Jürgens, HW, IA Aune, and U Pieper. 1990. International data on anthropometry. Occupational Safety and Health Series. Geneva: ILO.

Kadefors, R. 1993. A model for assessment and design of workplaces for manual welding. In The Ergonomics of Manual Work, edited by WS Marras, W Karwowski, and L Pacholski. London: Taylor & Francis.

Kahneman, D. 1973. Attention and Effort. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.

Karhu, O, P Kansi, and I Kuorinka. 1977. Correcting working postures in industry: A practical method for analysis. Appl Ergon 8:199-201.

Karhu, O, R Harkonen, P Sorvali, and P Vepsalainen. 1981. Observing working postures in industry: Examples of OWAS application. Appl Ergon 12:13-17.

Kedia, BL and RS Bhagat. 1988. Cultural constraints on transfer of technology across nations: Implications for research in international and comparative management. Acad Manage Rev 13:559-571.

Keesing, RM. 1974. Theories of culture. Annu Rev Anthropol 3:73-79.

Kepenne, P. 1984. La charge de travail dans une unité de soins de médecine. Mémoire. Liège: Université de Liège.

Kerguelen, A. 1986. L’observation systématique en ergonomie: Élaboration d’un logiciel d’aide au recueil et à l’analyse des données. Diploma in Ergonomics Thesis, Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers, Paris.

Ketchum, L. 1984. Sociotechnical design in a third world country: The railway maintenance depot at Sennar in Sudan. Hum Relat 37:135-154.

Keyserling, WM. 1986. A computer-aided system to evaluate postural stress in the workplace. Am Ind Hyg Assoc J 47:641-649.

Kingsley, PR. 1983. Technological development: Issues, roles and orientation for social psychology. In Social Psychology and Developing Countries, edited by Blacker. New York: Wiley.

Kinney, JS and BM Huey. 1990. Application Principles for Multicolored Displays. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.

Kivi, P and M Mattila. 1991. Analysis and improvement of work postures in building industry: Application of the computerized OWAS method. Appl Ergon 22:43-48.

Knauth, P, W Rohmert and J Rutenfranz. 1979. Systemic selection of shift plans for continuous production with the aid of work-physiological criteria. Appl Ergon 10(1):9-15.

Knauth, P. and J Rutenfranz. 1981. Duration of sleep related to the type of shift work, in Night and shiftwork: biological and social aspects , edited by A Reinberg, N Vieux, and P Andlauer. Oxford Pergamon Press.

Kogi, K. 1982. Sleep problems in night and shift work. II. Shiftwork: Its practice and improvement . J Hum Ergol:217-231.

—. 1981. Comparison of resting conditions between various shift rotation systems for industrial workers, in Night and shift work. Biological and social aspects , edited by A Reinberg, N Vieux, and P Andlauer. Oxford: Pergamon.

—. 1985. Introduction to the problems of shiftwork. In Hours of Work: Temporal Factors in Work-Scheduling, edited by S Folkard and TH Monk. Chichester: Wiley.

—. 1991. Job content and working time: The scope for joint change. Ergonomics 34:757-773.

Kogi, K and JE Thurman. 1993. Trends in approaches to night and shiftwork and new international standards. Ergonomics 36:3-13.

Köhler, C, M von Behr, H Hirsch-Kreinsen, B Lutz, C Nuber, and R Schultz-Wild. 1989. Alternativen der Gestaltung von Arbeits- und Personalstrukturen bei rechnerintegrierter Fertigung. In Strategische Optionen der Organisations- und Personalentwicklung bei CIM Forschungsbericht KfK-PFT 148, edited by Institut für Sozialwissenschaftliche Forschung. Karlsruhe: Projektträgerschaft Fertigungstechnik.

Koller, M. 1983. Health risks related to shift work. An example of time-contingent effects of long-term stress. Int Arch Occ Env Health 53:59-75.

Konz, S. 1990. Workstation organization and design. Ergonomics 32:795-811.

Kroeber, AL and C Kluckhohn. 1952. Culture, a critical review of concepts and definitions. In Papers of the Peabody Museum. Boston: Harvard Univ.

Kroemer, KHE. 1993. Operation of ternary chorded keys. Int J Hum Comput Interact 5:267-288.

—. 1994a. Locating the computer screen: How high, how far? Ergonomics in Design (January):40.

—. 1994b. Alternative keyboards. In Proceedings of the Fourth International Scientific Conference WWDU ‘94. Milan: Univ. of Milan.

—. 1995. Ergonomics. In Fundamentals of Industrial Hygiene, edited by BA Ploog. Chicago: National Safety Council.

Kroemer, KHE, HB Kroemer, and KE Kroemer-Elbert. 1994. Ergonomics: How to Design for Ease and Efficiency. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.

Kwon, KS, SY Lee, and BH Ahn. 1993. An approach to fuzzy expert systems for product colour design. In The Ergonomics of Manual Work, edited by Maras, Karwowski, Smith, and Pacholski. London: Taylor & Francis.

Lacoste, M. 1983. Des situations de parole aux activités interprétives. Psychol Franç 28:231-238.

Landau, K and W Rohmert. 1981. AET-A New Job Analysis Method. Detroit, Mich.: AIIE Annual Conference.

Laurig, W. 1970. Elektromyographie als arbeitswissenschaftliche Untersuchungsmethode zur Beurteilung von statischer Muskelarbeit. Berlin: Beuth.

—. 1974. Beurteilung einseitig dynamischer Muskelarbeit. Berlin: Beuth.

—. 1981. Belastung, Beanspruchung und Erholungszeit bei energetisch-muskulärer Arbeit—Literaturexpertise. In Forschungsbericht Nr. 272 der Bundesanstalt für Arbeitsschutz und Unfallforschung Dortmund. Bremerhaven: Wirtschaftsverlag NW.

—. 1992. Grundzüge der Ergonomie. Erkenntnisse und Prinzipien. Berlin, Köln: Beuth Verlag.

Laurig, W and V Rombach. 1989. Expert systems in ergonomics: Requirements and an approach. Ergonomics 32:795-811.

Leach, ER. 1965. Culture and social cohesion: An anthropologist’s view. In Science and Culture, edited by Holten. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.

Leana, CR, EA Locke, and DM Schweiger. 1990. Fact and fiction in analyzing research on participative decision making: A critique of Cotton, Vollrath, Froggatt, Lengnick-Hall, and Jennings. Acad Manage Rev 15:137-146.

Lewin, K. 1951. Field Theory in Social Science. New York: Harper.

Liker, JK, M Nagamachi, and YR Lifshitz. 1988. A Comparitive Analysis of Participatory Programs in US and Japan Manufacturing Plants. Ann Arbor, Mich.: Univ. of Michigan, Center for Ergonomics, Industrial and Operational Engineering.

Lillrank, B and N Kano. 1989. Continuous Improvement: Quality Control Circles in Japanese Industries. Ann Arbor, Mich.: Univ. of Michigan, Center for Japanese Studies.

Locke, EA and DM Schweiger. 1979. Participation in decision making: One more look. In Research in Organizational Behavior, edited by BM Staw. Greenwich, Conn.: JAI Press.

Louhevaara, V, T Hakola, and H Ollila. 1990. Physical work and strain involved in manual sorting of postal parcels. Ergonomics 33:1115-1130.

Luczak, H. 1982. Belastung, Beanspruchung und Erholungszeit bei informatorisch- mentaler Arbeit — Literaturexpertise. Forschungsbericht der Bundesanstalt für Arbeitsschutz und Unfallforschung Dortmund . Bremerhaven: Wirtschaftsverlag NW.

—. 1983. Ermüdung. In Praktische Arbeitsphysiologie, edited by W Rohmert and J Rutenfranz. Stuttgart: Georg Thieme Verlag.

—. 1993. Arbeitswissenschaft. Berlin: Springer Verlag.

Majchrzak, A. 1988. The Human Side of Factory Automation. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

Martin, T, J Kivinen, JE Rijnsdorp, MG Rodd, and WB Rouse. 1991. Appropriate automation-integrating technical, human, organization, economic and cultural factors. Automatica 27:901-917.

Matsumoto, K and M Harada. 1994. The effect of night-time naps on recovery from fatigue following night work. Ergonomics 37:899-907.

Matthews, R. 1982. Divergent conditions in the technological development of India and Japan. Lund Letters on Technology and Culture, No. 4. Lund: Univ. of Lund, Research Policy Institute.

McCormick, EJ. 1979. Job Analysis: Methods and Applications. New York: American Management Association.

McIntosh, DJ. 1994. Integration of VDUs into the US office work environment. In Proceedings of the Fourth International Scientific Conference WWDU ‘94. Milan: Univ. of Milan.

McWhinney. 1990. The Power of Myth in Planning and Organizational Change, 1989 IEEE Technics, Culture and Consequences. Torrence, Calif.: IEEE Los Angeles Council.

Meshkati, N. 1989. An etiological investigation of micro and macroergonomics factors in the Bhopal disaster: Lessons for industries of both industrialized and developing countries. Int J Ind Erg 4:161-175.

Minors, DS and JM Waterhouse. 1981. Anchor sleep as a synchronizer of rhythms on abnormal routines. Int J Chronobiology : 165-188.

Mital, A and W Karwowski. 1991. Advances in Human Factors/Ergonomics. Amsterdam: Elsevier.

Monk, TH. 1991. Sleep, Sleepiness and Performance . Chichester: Wiley.

Moray, N, PM Sanderson, and K Vincente. 1989. Cognitive task analysis for a team in a complex work domain: A case study. Proceedings of the Second European Meeting On Cognitive Science Approaches to Process Control, Siena, Italy.

Morgan, CT, A Chapanis, JS III Cork, and MW Lund. 1963. Human Engineering Guide to Equipment Design. New York: McGraw-Hill.

Mossholder, KW and RD Arvey. 1984. Synthetic validity: A conceptual and comparative review. J Appl Psychol 69:322-333.

Mumford, E and Henshall. 1979. A Participative Approach to Computer Systems Design. London: Associated Business Press.

Nagamachi, M. 1992. Pleasantness and Kansei engineering. In Measurement Standards. Taejon, Korea: Korean Research Institute of Standards and Science Publishing.

National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). 1981. Work Practices Guide for Manual Lifting. Cincinnati, Ohio: US Department of Health and Human Services.

—. 1990. OSHA Instruction CPL 2.85: Directorate of Compliance Programs: Appendix C, Guidelines Auggested By NIOSH for Videotape Evaluation of Work Station for Upper Extremities Cumulative Trauma Disorders. Washington, DC: US Department of Health and Human Services.

Navarro, C. 1990. Functional communication and problem-solving in a bus traffic-regulation task. Psychol Rep 67:403-409.

Negandhi, ART. 1975. Modern Organizational Behaviour. Kent: Kent Univ..

Nisbett, RE and TD De Camp Wilson. 1977. Telling more than we know. Psychol Rev 84:231-259.

Norman, DA. 1993. Things That Make Us Smart. Reading: Addison-Wesley.

Noro, K and AS Imada. 1991. Participatory Ergonomics. London: Taylor & Francis.

O’Donnell, RD and FT Eggemeier. 1986. Work load assessment methodology. In Handbook of Perception and Human Performance. Cognitive Processes and Performance, edited by K Boff, L Kaufman, and JP Thomas. New York: Wiley.

Pagels, HR. 1984. Computer culture: The scientific, intellectual and social impact of the computer. Ann NY Acad Sci :426.

Persson, J and Å Kilbom. 1983. VIRA—En Enkel Videofilmteknik För Registrering OchAnalys Av Arbetsställningar Och—Rörelser. Solna, Sweden: Undersökningsrapport,Arbetraskyddsstyrelsen.

Pham, DT and HH Onder. 1992. A knowledge-based system for optimizing workplace layouts using a genetic algorithm. Ergonomics 35:1479-1487.

Pheasant, S. 1986. Bodyspace, Anthropometry, Ergonomics and Design. London: Taylor & Francis.

Poole, CJM. 1993. Seamstress’ finger. Brit J Ind Med 50:668-669.

Putz-Anderson, V. 1988. Cumulative Trauma Disorders. A Manual for Musculoskeletal Diseases of the Upper Limbs. London: Taylor & Francis.

Rasmussen, J. 1983. Skills, rules, and knowledge: Sinds, signs, symbols and other distinctions in human performance models. IEEE T Syst Man Cyb 13:257-266.

—. 1986. A framework for cognitive task analysis in systems design. In Intelligent Decision Support in Process Environments, edited by E Hollnagel, G Mancini, and DD Woods. Berlin: Springer.

Rasmussen, J, A Pejtersen, and K Schmidts. 1990. In Taxonomy for Analysis of Work Domains. Proceedings of the First MOHAWC Workshop, edited by B Brehmer, M de Montmollin and J Leplat. Roskilde: Riso National Laboratory.

Reason, J. 1989. Human Error. Cambridge: CUP.

Rebiffé, R, O Zayana, and C Tarrière. 1969. Détermination des zones optimales pour l’emplacement des commandes manuelles dans l’espace de travail. Ergonomics 12:913-924.

Régie nationale des usines Renault (RNUR). 1976. Les profils de poste: Methode d’analyse des conditions de travail. Paris: Masson-Sirtes.

Rogalski, J. 1991. Distributed decision making in emergency management: Using a method as a framework for analysing cooperative work and as a decision aid. In Distributed Decision Making. Cognitive Models for Cooperative Work, edited by J Rasmussen, B Brehmer, and J Leplat. Chichester: Wiley.

Rohmert, W. 1962. Untersuchungen über Muskelermüdung und Arbeitsgestaltung. Bern: Beuth-Vertrieb.

—. 1973. Problems in determining rest allowances. Part I: Use of modern methods to evaluate stress and strain in static muscular work. Appl Ergon 4(2):91-95.

—. 1984. Das Belastungs-Beanspruchungs-Konzept. Z Arb wiss 38:193-200.

Rohmert, W and K Landau. 1985. A New Technique of Job Analysis. London: Taylor & Francis.

Rolland, C. 1986. Introduction à la conception des systèmes d’information et panorama des méthodes disponibles. Génie Logiciel 4:6-11.

Roth, EM and DD Woods. 1988. Aiding human performance. I. Cognitive analysis. Travail Hum 51:39-54.

Rudolph, E, E Schönfelder, and W Hacker. 1987. Tätigkeitsbewertungssystem für geistige arbeit mit und ohne Rechnerunterstützung (TBS-GA). Berlin: Psychodiagnostisches Zentrum der Humboldt-Universität.

Rutenfranz, J. 1982. Occupational health measures for night- and shiftworkers. II. Shiftwork: Its practice and improvement. J Hum Ergol:67-86.

Rutenfranz, J, J Ilmarinen, F Klimmer, and H Kylian. 1990. Work load and demanded physical performance capacity under different industrial working conditions. In Fitness for Aged, Disabled, and Industrial Workers, edited by M Kaneko. Champaign, Ill.: Human Kinetics Books.

Rutenfranz, J, P Knauth, and D Angersbach. 1981. Shift work research issues. In Biological Rhythms, Sleep and Shift Work , edited by LC Johnson, DI Tepas, WP Colquhoun, and MJ Colligan. New York: Spectrum Publications Medical and Scientific Books.

Saito, Y. and K Matsumoto. 1988. Variations of physiological functions and psychological measures and their relationship on delayed shift of sleeping time. Jap J Ind Health 30:196-205.

Sakai, K, A Watanabe, N Onishi, H Shindo, K Kimotsuki, H Saito, and K Kogl. 1984. Conditions of night naps effective to facilitate recovery from night work fatigue. J Sci Lab 60: 451-478.

Savage, CM and D Appleton. 1988. CIM and Fifth Generation Management. Dearborn: CASA/SME Technical Council.

Savoyant, A and J Leplat. 1983. Statut et fonction des communications dans l’activité des équipes de travail. Psychol Franç 28:247-253.

Scarbrough, H and JM Corbett. 1992. Technology and Organization. London: Routledge.

Schmidtke, H. 1965. Die Ermüdung. Bern: Huber.

—. 1971. Untersuchungen über den Erholunggszeitbedarf bei verschiedenen Arten gewerblicher Tätigkeit. Berlin: Beuth-Vertrieb.

Sen, RN. 1984. Application of ergonomics to industrially developing countries. Ergonomics 27:1021-1032.

Sergean, R. 1971. Managing Shiftwork. London: Gower Press.

Sethi, AA, DHJ Caro, and RS Schuler. 1987. Strategic Management of Technostress in an Information Society. Lewiston: Hogrefe.

Shackel, B. 1986. Ergonomics in design for usability. In People and Computer: Design for Usability, edited by MD Harrison and AF Monk. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press.

Shahnavaz, H. 1991. Transfer of Technology to Industrially Developing Countries and Human Factors Consideration TULEÅ 1991: 22, 23024. Luleå Univ., Luleå, Sweden: Center for Ergonomics of Developing Countries.

Shahnavaz, H, J Abeysekera, and A Johansson. 1993. Solving multi-factorial work-environment problems through participatory ergonomics: Case study: VDT operators. In Ergonomics of Manual Work, edited by E Williams, S Marrs, W Karwowski, JL Smith, and L Pacholski. London: Taylor & Francis.

Shaw, JB and JH Riskind. 1983. Predicting job stress using data from the Position Analysis Questionnaire (PAQ). J Appl Psychol 68:253-261.

Shugaar, A. 1990. Ecodesign: New products for a greener culture. Int Herald Trib, 17.

Sinaiko, WH. 1975. Verbal factors in human engineering: Some cultural and psychological data. In Ethnic Variables in Human Factors Engineering, edited by A Chapanis. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Univ..

Singleton, WT. 1982. The Body At Work. Cambridge: CUP.

Snyder, HL. 1985a. Image quality: Measures and visual performance. In Flat Panel Displays and CRTs, edited by LE Tannas. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold.

—. 1985b. The visual system: Capabilities and limitations. In Flat Panel Displays and CRTs, edited by LE Tannas. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold.

Solomon, CM. 1989. The corporate response to work force diversity. Pers J 68:42-53.

Sparke, P. 1987. Modern Japanese Design. New York: EP Dutton.

Sperandio, JC. 1972. Charge de travail et régulation des processus opératoires. Travail Hum 35:85-98.

Sperling, L, S Dahlman, L Wikström, A Kilbom, and R Kadefors. 1993. A cube model for the classification of work with hand tools and the formulation of functional requirements. Appl Ergon 34:203-211.

Spinas, P. 1989. User oriented software development and dialogue design. In Work With Computers: Organizational, Management, Stress and Health Aspects, edited by MJ Smith and G Salvendy. Amsterdam: Elsevier.

Staramler, JH. 1993. The Dictionary of Human Factors Ergonomics. Boca Raton: CRC Press.

Strohm, O, JK Kuark, and A Schilling. 1993. Integrierte Produktion: Arbeitspsychologische Konzepte und empirische Befunde, Schriftenreihe Mensch, Technik, Organisation. In CIM—Herausforderung an Mensch, Technik, Organisation, edited by G Cyranek and E Ulich. Stuttgart, Zürich: Verlag der Fachvereine.

Strohm, O, P Troxler and E Ulich. 1994. Vorschlag für die Restrukturierung eines
Produktionsbetriebes. Zürich: Institut für Arbietspsychologie der ETH.

Sullivan, LP. 1986. Quality function deployment: A system to assure that customer needs drive the product design and production process. Quality Progr :39-50.

Sundin, A, J Laring, J Bäck, G Nengtsson, and R Kadefors. 1994. An Ambulatory Workplace for Manual Welding: Productivity through Ergonomics. Manuscript. Göteborg: Lindholmen Development.

Tardieu, H, D Nanci, and D Pascot. 1985. Conception d’un système d’information. Paris: Editions d’Organisation.

Teiger, C, A Laville, and J Durafourg. 1974. Taches répétitives sous contrainte de temps et charge de travail. Rapport no 39. Laboratoire de physiologie du travail et d’ergonomie du CNAM.

Torsvall, L, T Akerstedt, and M. Gillberg. 1981. Age, sleep and irregular workhours: a field study with EEG recording, catecholamine excretion and self-ratings. Scand J Wor Env Health 7:196-203.

Ulich, E. 1994. Arbeitspsychologie 3. Auflage. Zürich: Verlag der Fachvereine and Schäffer-Poeschel.

Ulich, E, M Rauterberg, T Moll, T Greutmann, and O Strohm. 1991. Task orientation and user-oriented dialogue design. In Int J Human-Computer Interaction 3:117-144.

United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO). 1992. Ergonomics Impact of Science on Society. Vol. 165. London: Taylor & Francis.

Van Daele, A. 1988. L’écran de visualisation ou la communication verbale? Analyse comparative de leur utilisation par des opérateurs de salle de contrôle en sidérurgie. Travail Hum 51(1):65-80.

—. 1992. La réduction de la complexité par les opérateurs dans le contrôle de processus continus. contribution à l’étude du contrôle par anticipation et de ses conditions de mise en œuvre. Liège: Université de Liège.

Van der Beek, AJ, LC Van Gaalen, and MHW Frings-Dresen. 1992. Working postures and activities of lorry drivers: A reliability study of on-site observation and recording on a pocket computer. Appl Ergon 23:331-336.

Vleeschdrager, E. 1986. Hardness 10: diamonds . Paris.

Volpert, W. 1987. Psychische Regulation von Arbeitstätigkeiten. In Arbeitspsychologie. Enzklopüdie der Psychologie, edited by U Kleinbeck and J Rutenfranz. Göttingen: Hogrefe.

Wagner, R. 1985. Job analysis at ARBED. Ergonomics 28:255-273.

Wagner, JA and RZ Gooding. 1987. Effects of societal trends on participation research. Adm Sci Q 32:241-262.

Wall, TD and JA Lischeron. 1977. Worker Participation: A Critique of the Literature and Some Fresh Evidence. London: McGraw-Hill.

Wang, WM-Y. 1992. Usability Evaluation for Human-Computer Interaction (HCI). Luleå, Sweden: Luleå Univ. of Technology.

Waters, TR, V Putz-Anderson, A Garg, and LJ Fine. 1993. Revised NIOSH equation for the design and evaluation of manual handling tasks. Ergonomics 36:749-776.

Wedderburn, A. 1991. Guidelines for shiftworkers. Bulletin of European Shiftwork Topics (BEST) No. 3. Dublin: European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions.

Welford, AT. 1986. Mental workload as a function of demand, capacity, strategy and skill. Ergonomics 21:151-176.

White, PA. 1988. Knowing more about what we tell: ‘Introspective access’ and causal report accuracy, 10 years later. Brit J Psychol 79:13-45.

Wickens, C. 1992. Engineering Psychology and Human Performance. New York: Harper Collins.

Wickens, CD and YY Yeh. 1983. The dissociation between subjective work load and performance: A multiple resources approach. In Proceedings of the Human Factors Society 27th Annual Meeting. Santa Monica, Calif.: Human Factors Society.

Wieland-Eckelmann, R. 1992. Kognition, Emotion und Psychische Beanspruchung. Göttingen: Hogrefe.

Wikström.L, S Byström, S Dahlman, C Fransson, R Kadefors, Å Kilbom, E Landervik, L Lieberg, L Sperling, and J Öster. 1991. Criterion for Selection and Development of Hand Tools. Stockholm: National Institute of Occupational Health.

Wilkinson, RT. 1964. Effects of up to 60 hours sleep deprivation on different types of work. Ergonomics 7:63-72.

Williams, R. 1976. Keywords: A Vocabulary of Culture and Society. Glasgow: Fontana.

Wilpert, B. 1989. Mitbestimmung. In Arbeits- und Organisationspsychologie. Internationales Handbuch in Schlüsselbegriffen, edited by S Greif, H Holling, and N Nicholson. Munich: Psychologie Verlags Union.

Wilson, JR. 1991. Participation: A framework and foundation for ergonomics. J Occup Psychol 64:67-80.

Wilson, JR and EN Corlett. 1990. Evaluation of Human Work: A Practical Ergonomics Methodology. London: Taylor & Francis.

Wisner, A. 1983. Ergonomics or anthropology: A limited or wide approach to working condition in technology transfer. In Proceedings of the First International Conference On Ergonomics of Developing Countries, edited by Shahnavaz and Babri. Luleå, Sweden: Luleå Univ. of Technology.

Womack, J, T Jones, and D Roos. 1990. The Machine That Changed the World. New York: Macmillan.

Woodson, WE, B Tillman, and P Tillman. 1991. Human Factors Design Handbook. New York: McGraw-Hill.

Zhang, YK and JS Tyler. 1990. The establishment of a modern telephone cable production facility in a developing country. A case study. In International Wire and Cable Symposium Proceedings. Illinois.

Zinchenko, V and V Munipov. 1989. Fundamentals of Ergonomics. Moscow: Progress.

Contents

Ergonomics References